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Historically, the notion of entropy emerged in conceptually very distinct contexts. This book deals with the connection between entropy, probability, and fractional dynamics as they appeared, for example, in solar neutrino astrophysics since the 1970's (Mathai and Rathie 1975, Mathai and Pederzoli 1977, Mathai and Saxena 1978, Mathai, Saxena, and Haubold 2010).The original solar neutrino problem, experimentally and theoretically, was resolved through the discovery of neutrino oscillations and was recently enriched by neutrino entanglement entropy. To reconsider possible new physics of solar neutrinos, diffusion entropy analysis, utilizing Boltzmann entropy, and standard deviation analysis was undertaken with Super-Kamiokande solar neutrino data. This analysis revealed a non-Gaussian signal with harmonic content. The Hurst exponent is different from the scaling exponent of the probability density function and both Hurst exponent and scaling exponent of the Super-Kamiokande data deviate considerably from the value of ½, which indicates that the statistics of the underlying phenomenon is anomalous. Here experiment may provide guidance about the generalization of theory of Boltzmann statistical mechanics. Arguments in the so-called Boltzmann-Planck-Einstein discussion related to Planck's discovery of the black-body radiation law are recapitulated mathematically and statistically and emphasize from this discussion is pursued that a meaningful implementation of the complex ‘entropy-probability-dynamics’ may offer two ways for explaining the results of diffusion entropy analysis and standard deviation analysis. One way is to consider an anomalous diffusion process that needs to use the fractional space-time diffusion equation (Gorenflo and Mainardi) and the other way is to consider a generalized Boltzmann entropy by assuming a power law probability density function. Here new mathematical framework, invented by sheer thought, may provide guidance for the generalization of Boltzmann statistical mechanics. In this book Boltzmann entropy, generalized by Tsallis and Mathai, is considered. The second one contains a varying parameter that is used to construct an entropic pathway covering generalized type-1 beta, type-2 beta, and gamma families of densities. Similarly, pathways for respective distributions and differential equations can be developed. Mathai's entropy is optimized under various conditions reproducing the well-known Boltzmann distribution, Raleigh distribution, and other distributions used in physics. Properties of the entropy measure for the generalized entropy are examined. In this process the role of special functions of mathematical physics, particularly the H-function, is highlighted.

special functions --- fractional calculus --- entropic functional --- mathematical physics --- applied analysis --- statistical distributions --- geometrical probabilities --- multivariate analysis

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During the past four decades or so, various operators of fractional calculus, such as those named after Riemann–Liouville, Weyl, Hadamard, Grunwald–Letnikov, Riesz, Erdelyi–Kober, Liouville–Caputo, and so on, have been found to be remarkably popular and important due mainly to their demonstrated applications in numerous diverse and widespread fields of the mathematical, physical, chemical, engineering, and statistical sciences. Many of these fractional calculus operators provide several potentially useful tools for solving differential, integral, differintegral, and integro-differential equations, together with the fractional-calculus analogues and extensions of each of these equations, and various other problems involving special functions of mathematical physics, as well as their extensions and generalizations in one and more variables. In this Special Issue, we invite and welcome review, expository, and original research articles dealing with the recent advances in the theory of fractional calculus and its multidisciplinary applications.

operators of fractional calculus --- chaos and fractional dynamics --- fractional differential --- fractional differintegral equations --- fractional integro-differential equations --- fractional integrals --- fractional derivatives associated with special functions of mathematical physics --- applied mathematics --- identities and inequalities involving fractional integrals --- fractional derivatives

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This issue is a continuation of the previous successful Special Issue “Mathematical Analysis and Applications” . Investigations involving the theory and applications of mathematical analytical tools and techniques are remarkably widespread in many diverse areas of the mathematical, physical, chemical, engineering and statistical sciences. In this Special Issue, we invite and welcome review, expository and original research articles dealing with the recent advances in mathematical analysis and its multidisciplinary applications.

common fixed point --- metric-like space --- ?-Geraghty contraction --- triangular ?-admissible mapping --- fixed circle --- common fixed circle --- fixed-circle theorem --- extended partial Sb-metric spaces --- Sb-metric spaces --- fixed point --- generalized hypergeometric functions --- Gauss and confluent hypergeometric functions --- summation theorems of hypergeometric functions --- partial symmetric --- fixed point --- contraction and weak contraction --- Nadler’s theorem --- linear elastostatics --- simple layer potentials --- displacement problem --- existence and uniqueness theorems --- Fredholm alternative --- singular data --- differential equations --- Sheffer polynomial sets --- generating functions --- monomiality principle --- quasi metric space --- Suzuki contractions --- fixed point theorems --- modified ?-distance --- almost perfect functions --- generating function --- series transformation --- gamma function --- Hankel contour --- Fermi–Dirac function --- Bose–Einstein function --- Weyl transform --- series representation --- Hermite–Hadamard inequalities --- (p, q)-derivative --- (p, q)-integral --- convex functions --- fixed point --- Reich contraction --- Hardy–Rogers contraction --- almost b-metric space --- additive (Cauchy) equation --- additive mapping --- Hyers–Ulam stability --- generalized Hyers–Ulam stability --- hyperstability --- bounded index --- bounded L-index in direction --- slice function --- entire function --- bounded l-index --- generalized hypergeometric functions --- classical summation theorems --- generalization --- laplace transforms --- gamma and beta functions --- Szász-Mirakjan operators --- Szász-Mirakjan Beta type operators --- extended Gamma and Beta functions --- confluent hypergeometric function --- Modulus of smoothness --- modulus of continuity --- Lipschitz class --- local approximation --- Voronovskaja type approximation theorem --- operators theory 44A99, 47B99, 47A62 --- special functions 33C52, 33C65, 33C99, 33B10, 33B15 --- Stirling numbers and Touchard polynomials 11B73 --- n/a