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This is an in-depth account of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, a uniquely cosmopolitan institution established in the wake of China's defeat in the Opium Wars (1842 to 43), and a central feature of the Treaty Port system. The British-dominated service was headed by the famous Robert Hart who founded a far-reaching customs administration that also encompassed other responsibilities such as marine and harbour maintenance, quarantine, anti-piracy patrols and postal services. This institution sat at a crucial juncture between Chinese and foreign interests, and was intimately linked to British interests and fortunes in the Far East. Following the establishment of the Republic in 1911 there were grave misgivings as to whether the foreign element of the Service would survive. Yet the Service grew in influence and strength, ensuring the foreign inspectorate a continued role in China's affairs. Delivering an overview of the Service, its bureaucracy, fiscal responsibilities and life for foreigners in its employ, focusing especially on the later years of the Service, Donna Brunero draws on the experiences of the foreign administration of the Service as it attempted to negotiate between Chinese and foreign expectations and interests.

chinese,maritime,customs,service,indoor,staff,foreign,sino,western,relations

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The voluminous publication edits 203 such items covering all of the Austrian territories from the Late Middle Ages to the 19th century. Hospital rules, instructions for hospital staff, job descriptions, special rules as, for example, prayer orders and dietaries, but also inventories were meant to channel the way of life of inmates and staff. Each of the edited sources is accompanied by a survey on the history of the hospital and a comment contextualising the contents, which necessitated pioneering archival research in many cases where no serious scholarly treatment of the hospitals’ history was available.Second volume: http://e-book.fwf.ac.at/o:800

Hospital, Institutional Care, Religous Life in Hospitals, Economy of Hospitals, Hospital Staff, Urban History --- Spitäler, institutionellen Fürsorge, Religion in Spitälern, Wirtschaft in Spitälern, Spitalbedienstete, Stadtgeschichte

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Libraries are places of learning and knowledge creation. Over the last two decades, digital technology—and the changes that came with it—have accelerated this transformation to a point where evolution starts to become a revolution.The wider Open Science movement, and Open Access in particular, is one of these changes and is already having a profound impact. Under the subscription model, the role of libraries was to buy or license content on behalf of their users and then act as gatekeepers to regulate access on behalf of rights holders. In a world where all research is open, the role of the library is shifting from licensing and disseminating to facilitating and supporting the publishing process itself.This requires a fundamental shift in terms of structures, tasks, and skills. It also changes the idea of a library’s collection. Under the subscription model, contemporary collections largely equal content bought from publishers. Under an open model, the collection is more likely to be the content created by the users of the library (researchers, staff, students, etc.), content that is now curated by the library.Instead of selecting external content, libraries have to understand the content created by their own users and help them to make it publicly available—be it through a local repository, payment of article processing charges, or through advice and guidance. Arguably, this is an overly simplified model that leaves aside special collections and other areas. Even so, it highlights the changes that research libraries are undergoing, changes that are likely to accelerate as a result of initiatives such as Plan S.This Special Issue investigates some of the changes in today’s library services that relate to open access.

research libraries --- open science --- research support services --- open access --- publishing --- library --- journals --- monographs --- scholarly communications --- social media --- CERN --- journal flipping --- gold open access --- particle physics --- SCOAP3 --- open access --- staff --- library --- research support --- scholarly communication --- open access --- APC --- workflow --- journal subscription --- offsetting --- publication fee --- monitoring --- transition --- open access --- repositories --- library-mediated deposit --- researcher engagement --- open access --- scholarly communication --- repositories --- compliance --- REF 2021 --- Research Excellence Framework --- research information systems --- UK funder policies --- open access --- information services --- training --- publishing literacy --- marketing --- open science --- open access --- service portfolio --- publishing --- repositories --- research information --- Open Access --- vocational education and training research --- social sciences --- humanities --- sociology of science