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Biocatalysis, that is, the use of biological catalysts (enzymes, cells, etc.) for the preparation of highly valuable compounds is undergoing a great development, being considered an extremely sustainable approach to undertaking environmental demands. In this scenario, this book illustrates the versatility of applied biocatalysis for the preparation of drugs and other bioactive compounds through the presentation of different research articles and reviews, in which several authors describe the most recent developments in this appealing scientific area. By reading the excellent contributions gathered in this book, it is possible to have an updated idea about new advances and possibilities for a new exciting future.

rutin oligomers --- laccase activity --- aqueous solubility --- antioxidant activity --- xanthine oxidase inhibition --- MALDI-TOF --- HPSEC --- glycosyltransferase --- glycodiverfication --- sulfuretin --- OcUGT1 --- amine transaminases --- asymmetric synthesis --- benzoxathiepins --- biocatalysis --- biotransamination --- stereoselective synthesis --- esterase --- stereoselective --- ester hydrolysis --- antimuscarinic agents --- pig liver esterase (PLE) --- microalgae --- Spirulina --- Alcalase® --- amino acid --- extraction --- nutraceutical --- cholesterol --- coprostanol --- reduction reaction --- bacteria --- metabolic pathways --- biocatalysis --- biotransformations --- statins --- pleiotropic effects --- photooxidation --- cascade --- alcohol --- reductive amination --- ?-transaminase --- lyases --- chondroitin sulfates --- glycosaminoglycan --- polysaccharides --- Ribavirin --- Tecadenoson --- Cladribine --- purine nucleoside phosphorylase --- transglycosylation reaction --- 7-methylguanosine iodide --- 7-methyl-2?-deoxyguanosine iodide --- 7-methylguanine arabinoside iodide --- biocatalysis --- glycosidases --- chitinases --- chitosanases --- chitosan oligosaccharides --- deacetylation degree --- anti-inflammatory --- n/a

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Renal cancer is a health problem of major concern worldwide. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune check-point blockade treatments, alone or in combination, are giving promising results, failures are quite frequent due to intratumor heterogeneity and to the acquisition of drug resistance. The spectrum of renal cell carcinoma subtypes is wide. Up to 70–80% of renal tumors are clear cell renal cell carcinomas, a clinically aggressive tumor subtype linked to VHL gene inactivation. Next in frequency, the papillary renal cell carcinoma category encompasses an intricate puzzle of classic and newly described entities with poorly defined limits, some of them pending definite clarification. Likewise, the chromophobe–oncocytoma duality, the so-called hybrid tumors and oncocytic neoplasms, remain to be well profiled. Finally, a growing list of very uncommon renal tumors linked to specific molecular signatures fulfill the current portrait of renal cell neoplasia. This Special Issue of Cancers regards RCC from very different perspectives, from the intimate basic mechanisms governing this disease to the clinical practice principles of their diagnoses and treatments. The interested reader will have the opportunity to contact with some of the most recent findings and will be updated with excellent reviews.

ghrelin --- aurora A --- MMP10 --- invasion --- sarcomatoid --- RCC --- immunotherapy --- checkpoint inhibitors --- survival --- PD-L1 --- chronic kidney disease --- nephrectomy --- overall survival --- recurrence free survival --- renal cell carcinoma --- statins --- uric acid --- intratumour heterogeneity --- metastatic ccRCC --- copy number alteration --- mutation --- gene expression --- MiT family translocation renal cell carcinoma --- Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma --- t(6 --- 11) translocation renal cell carcinoma --- FISH --- TFE3 --- TFEB --- TFEB-amplified renal cell carcinoma --- renal cell carcinoma --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- efficacy --- toxicity --- cytoreductive nephrectomy --- Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) --- proteome profiling --- metabolome profiling --- glutathione metabolism --- metabolic reprogramming --- IL4R? --- IL13R?1 --- renal cell carcinoma --- JAK2 --- FOXO3 --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- identification of circular RNAs --- experimental validation of circular RNA --- diagnostic and prognostic markers --- circular RNAs in a clinico-genomic predictive model --- cancer-specific survival --- recurrence-free survival --- overall survival --- chromophobe renal cell carcinoma --- pale cell --- eosinophilic variant --- chromosomal loss --- copy number analysis --- renal cell carcinoma --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- AMP-activated protein kinases --- immunohistochemistry --- prognosis --- SMAD proteins --- transforming growth factor beta --- renal cell cancer --- microRNA --- metabolome --- proliferation --- PPP --- pentose phosphate pathway --- TCA cycle --- miR-155-5p --- miR-146a-5p --- TCGA --- renal cell carcinoma --- metastasis --- MTA2 --- MMP-9 --- miR-133b --- kidney cancer --- immunotherapy --- renal cell --- inflammation markers --- programmed death-ligand 1 --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- prognostic factors --- predictive factors --- glutathione transferase omega 1 --- glutathione transferase omega 2 --- polymorphism --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR --- Raf/MEK/ERK --- IL-1? --- pro-IL-1? --- gene signature --- renal cancer --- survival prediction --- polybromo-1 --- PBRM1 --- renal cell carcinoma --- biomarker --- prognosis --- predictive role --- collecting duct carcinoma --- RNA sequencing --- solute carrier proteins --- kidney --- renal cell carcinoma --- molecular genetic features --- practical approach --- review --- renal cell carcinoma --- sarcomatoid --- immunotherapy --- renal cell carcinoma --- checkpoint inhibitors --- VEGF inhibitors --- mTOR inhibitors --- kidney --- emerging entity --- new entity --- oncocytic renal tumor --- unclassified renal cell carcinoma --- unclassified renal tumor --- anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement --- ALK --- ESC --- HOT --- LOT --- drug sensitivity --- immune infiltration --- renal cancer --- targeted therapy --- tumor slice culture --- clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma --- urine --- glycoproteomics --- N-glycomapping --- label-free --- glycomarkers --- everolimus --- EVI1 --- genetic association --- mTOR --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- curcumin --- renal cell cancer --- tumor adhesion --- tumor migration --- integrins --- NK cells --- kidney cancer --- renal cell carcinoma --- IL-2 --- cancer immunotherapy --- tumor microenvironment --- von Hippel–Lindau --- EMT like --- hyperosmolality --- chromophobe renal cell carcinoma --- copy number loss --- CDKN1A expression --- patient survival --- prognosis --- n/a