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Efficient clean energy harvesting, conversion, and storage technologies are of immense importance for the sustainable development of human society. To this end, scientists have made significant advances in recent years regarding new materials and devices for improving the energy conversion efficiency for photovoltaics, thermoelectric generation, photoelectrochemical/electrolytic hydrogen generation, and rechargeable metal ion batteries. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a platform for research scientists and engineers in these areas to demonstrate and exchange their latest research findings. This thematic topic undoubtedly represents an extremely important technological direction, covering materials processing, characterization, simulation, and performance evaluation of thin films used in energy harvesting, conversion, and storage.
density functional theory --- electron transfer --- electronic structures --- bond population --- density of states --- nickel oxide --- organic sensitizers --- dye-sensitized solar cells --- nanoparticle deposition system --- few-layer graphene nano-flakes --- supercapacitor --- Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 --- Ge incorporation --- annealing --- solar cells --- semitransparent --- organic --- perovskite --- polymer --- solar cell --- transparent conductive electrode --- color perception --- mixed metal oxides --- nanosheet arrays --- nickel-cobalt-molybdenum metal oxide (NCMO) --- supercapacitor --- energy storage --- TiO2 nanotube --- LaFeO3 --- perovskite --- heterojunction --- visible light driven --- photocatalysis --- Al2O3 oxide --- atomic layered deposition --- LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 --- Ni-rich cathode material --- lithium ion battery --- photoelectrochemical --- anode materials --- surface --- water splitting --- thin film --- coatings --- metal-dielectric-metal structure --- Fabry–Perot cavity --- perfect absorption --- halide perovskite --- degradation --- water --- PbI2 formation --- morphology --- thin films --- synthesis --- characterization --- energy harvesting --- energy conversion --- energy storage
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Carbon materials are one of the most fascinating materials because of their unique properties and potential use in several applications. They can be obtained from residues or by using advanced synthesis technologies like chemical vapor deposition. The carbon family is very broad, ranging from classical activated carbons to more advanced species such as carbon nanotubes and graphene. The surface chemistry is one of the most interesting aspects of this broad family of materials, which allows the incorporation of different types of chemical functionalities or heteroatoms on the carbon surface, such as O, N, B, S, or P, which can modify the acid–base character, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, or the electronic properties of these materials and, thus, determine the final application. This book represents a collection of original research articles and communications focused on the synthesis, properties, and applications of heteroatom-doped functional carbon materials.
oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) --- catalysis --- carbon nanotubes --- carbo microsphere --- N–doped carbon --- biochar --- targeted adsorption --- Cd(II) --- adsorption --- nitrogen-doped graphene oxide --- polypyrrole --- polyaniline --- CO2 --- adsorption studies --- graphene --- sp3-defect --- amino group --- magnetic moment --- graphene oxide --- p-phenylene diamine --- functionalized graphene oxide --- cross-link bond type --- bonding type --- microcrystalline cellulose --- chemical functionalization --- polyphosphates --- synergism --- physicochemical properties --- Orange G --- photocatalysis --- graphene --- nitrogen-doped graphene --- pulse laser deposition --- electrochemical analysis --- oxygen peroxide oxidation --- nitrogen-doped carbon materials --- carbon dioxide adsorption --- salt and base --- co-activation method --- nitrogen-doped --- bio-phenol resin --- porous carbon --- molten salt --- supercapacitor --- electrode material --- adsorption --- carbon capture and storage process (CCS) --- carbon dioxide --- nanofluids --- nanoparticles and shallow reservoirs --- carbon gels --- mesoporosity --- electrocatalysis --- oxygen reduction reaction --- nitrogen and oxygen doped activated carbon --- surface chemistry --- supercapacitor capacitance --- energy power density --- carbon materials --- heteroatoms --- doping --- surface chemistry --- adsorption --- catalysis --- environmental remediation --- energy storage
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Nanostructured materials exploit physical phenomena and mechanisms that cannot be derived by simply scaling down the associated bulk structures and phenomena; furthermore, new quantum effects come into play in nanosystems. The exploitation of these emerging nanoscale interactions prompts the innovative design of nanomaterials. Understanding the behavior of materials on all length scales—from the nanostructure up to the macroscopic response—is a critical challenge for materials science. Modern analytical technologies based on synchrotron radiation (SR) allow for the non-destructive investigation of the chemical, electronic, and magnetic structure of materials in any environment. SR facilities have developed revolutionary new ideas and experimental setups for characterizing nanomaterials, involving spectroscopy, diffraction, scatterings, microscopy, tomography, and all kinds of highly sophisticated combinations of such investigation techniques. This book is a collection of contributions addressing several aspects of synchrotron radiation as applied to the investigation of chemical, electronic, and magnetic structure of nanostructured materials. The results reported here provide not only an interesting and multidisciplinary overview of the chemicophysical investigations of nanostructured materials carried out by state-of-the-art SR-induced techniques, but also an exciting glance into the future perspectives of nanomaterial characterization methods.
synchrotron radiation induced spectroscopies --- XPS --- NEXAFS --- nanostructures --- titanium alloy --- self-assembling peptides --- bioactive materials --- room temperature ionic liquids --- in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy --- binding energies --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- micro-mesoporous carbon electrode --- supercapacitor materials --- thin films --- multilayers --- thermal conductivity --- thermal expansion --- laser heating --- synchrotron pump-probe powder scattering --- nuclear forward scattering --- metallic glasses --- magnetic annealing --- synchrotron radiation --- crystallization kinetics --- Ge(001)-2
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Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are dramatically influencing the environment, and research is strongly committed to proposing alternatives, mainly based on renewable energy sources. Low GHG electricity production from renewables is well established but issues of grid balancing are limiting their application. Energy storage is a key topic for the further deployment of renewable energy production. Besides batteries and other types of electrical storage, electrofuels and bioderived fuels may offer suitable alternatives in some specific scenarios. This Special Issue includes contributions on the energy conversion technologies and use, energy storage, technologies integration, e-fuels, and pilot and large-scale applications.
hybrid power system --- lithium-ion battery (LIB) --- supercapacitor (SC) --- alternative maritime power (AMP) --- bulk carrier --- PV --- probability prediction --- sparse Gaussian process regression --- least squares support vector machine --- combination method --- ship structure --- LNG-fueled ship --- green ship --- numerical analysis --- flow characteristics --- molten carbonate fuel cell system --- hybrid refinery --- power-to-gas --- biofuel --- jet fuel --- feasibility study --- cellulosic ethanol --- GHG savings --- R& --- D funding --- electric vehicles EV --- optimal sizing --- charging infrastructure --- Markov chain --- EV fleet forecasts --- decarbonization --- n/a
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The book compiles scientific articles describing advances in nanomaterial synthesis and their application in water remediation. The publications treat diverse problems such as dye degradation, heavy metal ion, as well as radioactive element capture and sequestration. There are 10 original research articles and one review article. The latter proposes graphene/CNT and Prussian blue nanocomposites for radioactive 137-cesium extraction from aqueous media. All reports thoroughly characterize the nanomaterials post-synthesis and describe their catalytic, photocatalytic, or ion exchange activities in contaminated water. The dyes studied in the collection are azo dyes, i.e. methylene blue and orange, rhodamine B, phenolic dyes viz. bromophenol blue, and other dyes with sulfonyl groups. Extraction of radioactive elements, including cationic 137Cs+ and anionic 125I?, is also investigated. The omnipresence of ZnO nanoparticles in everyday products and their effects in wastewater are also evaluated. Layered double hydroxide are capable of capturing Ag ions, which then has a catalytic effect on dye degradation. The nanomaterials considered are varied, viz., graphene, CNT, Prussian blue, nanoporous carbon, layered double hydroxides, magnetite, ferrites, organic powders, polymer membranes, bacteria, and inorganic nanomaterials such as MnO and Ag. The book targets an interdisciplinary readership.
BiVO4 --- RGO --- Mn–Zn ferrite --- magnetic photocatalyst --- magnetic performance --- photocatalytic mechanism --- bioremediation --- desalination --- membrane --- nanocomposite --- radioactive iodine --- silver nanomaterials --- Dy3+ --- BiOCl --- photocatalyst --- RhB photodegradation --- doping modification --- hydrothermal method --- manganese oxide --- adsorption --- degradation --- nanomixtures --- adsorption --- bromophenol blue --- magnetic nanoparticles --- metal-organic frameworks --- wastewater --- electrospinning --- solvent vapor annealing --- structural regularity --- polydopamine --- dye removal --- beta-cyclodextrin polymer --- host–guest interaction --- dye removal --- wastewater treatment --- electrospinning --- agglomeration --- interaction --- organic pollutants --- stability --- ZnO nanoparticles --- nanoporous carbon --- adsorption properties --- dye --- adsorption models --- supercapacitor --- carbon nanotubes --- graphene --- Prussian blue --- 137-Cesium --- water remediation --- magnetic extraction --- 137Cs+ selectivity --- radioactive contamination --- LDHs --- film --- mixed wastewater --- photocatalytic activity --- n/a
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This Special Edition of Energies on “Energy Storage and Management for Electric Vehicles” draws together a collection of research papers that critically evaluates key areas of innovation and novelty when designing and managing the high-voltage battery system within an electrified powertrain. The addressed topics include design optimisation, mathematical modelling, control engineering, thermal management, and component sizing.
zinc–nickel single-flow battery --- equivalent circuit model --- self-discharge --- dynamic flow rate optimization --- genetic algorithm --- hybrid power system --- electric vehicle --- rule-based optimal strategy --- dynamic programming approach --- thermal modelling --- thermal behaviour --- lithium titanate oxide batteries --- optimal control --- supercapacitors --- batteries --- fuel cell --- hybrid vehicle --- battery degradation --- battery energy storage system --- charging scheme --- efficiency --- electric vehicle --- linear programming --- lithium ion battery --- operating expenses --- residential battery storage --- vehicle-to-building --- supercapacitor models --- parameter estimation --- ECE15 --- HPPC --- Simulink --- Simscape --- Matlab --- Identification --- regenerative energy --- timetable optimization --- energy storage system --- ?-constraint method --- improved artificial bee colony --- lithium-ion battery --- equivalent circuit model --- recursive least square --- adaptive forgetting factor --- parameter identification --- energy storage ageing and degradation --- life cycle assessment --- second-life energy storage applications --- Li-Sulfur batteries --- lithium-ion battery --- cell sorting --- multi-parameters sorting --- principal component analysis --- self-organizing maps clustering --- battery charging --- cycle-life --- state-of-health (SOH) --- battery cycle-life extension --- nonlinear battery model --- state of charge estimation --- lithium-ion battery --- Lipschitz nonlinear system --- Luenberger observer
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Electrochemical energy storage is becoming essential for portable electronics, electrified transportation, integration of intermittent renewable energy into grids, and many other energy and power applications. The electrode materials and their structures, in addition to the electrolytes, play key roles in supporting a multitude of coupled physicochemical processes that include electronic, ionic, and diffusive transport in electrode and electrolyte phases, electrochemical reactions and material phase changes, as well as mechanical and thermal stresses, thus determining the storage energy density and power density, conversion efficiency, performance lifetime, and system cost and safety. Different material chemistries and multiscale porous structures are being investigated for high performance and low cost. The aim of this Special Issue is to report the recent advances in materials used in electrochemical energy storage that encompass supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries.
lithium-ion batteries --- zinc sulfide --- nanotubes --- anode material --- electrochemical performance --- Mn3O4 --- carbon microfibers --- biotemplate --- microstructure --- energy storage and conversion --- electrochemical properties --- LiFePO4/C composite --- cathode material --- green synthesis route --- lithium-ion batteries --- cathode material --- X-ray diffraction --- Cr3+/Cr6+ redox pairs --- specific capacity --- cycling performance --- inductively-coupled plasma --- carbon nanostructures --- electrochemical properties --- thermal annealing --- vertical graphene --- cross-linked carbon nanofiber --- high-rate supercapacitor --- AC filtering --- pulse power storage --- lithium-ion battery --- mechanical stability --- material index --- parametric analysis --- elasto-plastic stress --- Li2MoO3 --- Co-doping --- cathode materials --- Li ion battery --- ZIF-67 --- water --- methanol --- sulfidation --- specific capacitance --- Li-rich layered oxide --- cathode materials --- voltage attenuation --- lithium-ion batteries --- solid-state complexation method --- lithium-rich layered oxide --- cathode material --- 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn0.8Ni0.1Co0.1O2 --- voltage decay --- co-precipitation method --- sol–gel method --- solid-state electrolyte --- submicron powder --- garnet --- lithium-ion conductivity --- solid-state batteries --- lithium ion batteries --- supercapacitors --- electrode materials --- nanostructure --- electrochemical energy storage
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Electrochemical energy storage is a key element of systems in a wide range of sectors, such as electro-mobility, portable devices, and renewable energy. The energy storage systems (ESSs) considered here are batteries, supercapacitors, and hybrid components such as lithium-ion capacitors. The durability of ESSs determines the total cost of ownership, the global impacts (lifecycle) on a large portion of these applications and, thus, their viability. Understanding ESS aging is a key to optimizing their design and usability in terms of their intended applications. Knowledge of ESS aging is also essential to improve their dependability (reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety). This Special Issue includes 12 research papers and 1 review article focusing on battery, supercapacitor, and hybrid capacitor aging.
battery --- operative dependability --- selection algorithm --- capacitance --- state-of-charge monitoring --- self-discharge --- supercapacitor --- aging --- lithium-ion capacitor --- aging model --- langmuir isotherm --- lifetime prediction --- aging mechanisms --- calendar aging --- floating aging --- autonomous devices --- lead-acid batteries --- Petri nets --- second life battery --- lithium-ion --- electrical characterization --- state-of-health (SOH) --- partial coulometric counter --- lithium-ion --- NMC --- aging --- ampere-hour throughput --- incremental capacity analysis --- accelerated ageing --- battery management system --- battery management system (BMS) --- calendar ageing --- cycling ageing --- electric vehicle --- embedded algorithm --- incremental capacity analysis --- incremental capacity analysis (ICA) --- lithium-ion battery --- lithium iron phosphate --- LFP --- LiFePO4 --- remaining capacity --- state of health (SoH) --- incremental capacity analysis --- lithium-ion --- electric vehicles --- driving cycles --- cell degradation --- lithium-ion --- batteries --- ageing --- post-mortem analysis --- lithium-ion battery --- lamination --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- fast-charging capability --- lifetime --- abuse test --- lithium-ion capacitor --- safety --- temperature --- thermal runaway --- battery life testing --- capacitance --- state-of-charge determination --- state-of-health --- aging --- impedance spectroscopy --- pseudo-charge --- Li-Ion battery --- Ni-rich cathode --- degradation --- cathode-electrolyte interphase --- electro mobility --- n/a
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As CMOS scaling is approaching the fundamental physical limits, a wide range of new nanoelectronic materials and devices have been proposed and explored to extend and/or replace the current electronic devices and circuits so as to maintain progress with respect to speed and integration density. The major limitations, including low carrier mobility, degraded subthreshold slope, and heat dissipation, have become more challenging to address as the size of silicon-based metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) has decreased to nanometers, while device integration density has increased. This book aims to present technical approaches that address the need for new nanoelectronic materials and devices. The focus is on new concepts and knowledge in nanoscience and nanotechnology for applications in logic, memory, sensors, photonics, and renewable energy. This research on nanoelectronic materials and devices will be instructive in finding solutions to address the challenges of current electronics in switching speed, power consumption, and heat dissipation and will be of great interest to academic society and the industry.
UAV --- vision localization --- hierarchical --- landing --- information integration --- memristor --- synaptic device --- spike-timing-dependent plasticity --- neuromorphic computation --- memristive device --- ZnO films --- conditioned reflex --- quantum dot --- sample grating --- cross-gain modulation --- bistability --- distributed Bragg --- semiconductor optical amplifier --- topological insulator --- field-effect transistor --- nanostructure synthesis --- optoelectronic devices --- topological magnetoelectric effect --- drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) --- gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) --- silicon on insulator (SOI) --- graphene --- supercapacitor --- energy storage --- ionic liquid --- UV irradiation --- luminescent centres --- bismuth ions --- two-photon process --- oscillatory neural networks --- pattern recognition --- higher order synchronization --- thermal coupling --- vanadium dioxide --- band-to-band tunneling --- L-shaped tunnel field-effect-transistor --- double-gate tunnel field-effect-transistor --- corner-effect --- AlGaN/GaN --- high-electron mobility transistor (HEMTs) --- p-GaN --- enhancement-mode --- 2DEG density --- InAlN/GaN heterostructure --- polarization effect --- quantum mechanical --- gallium nitride --- MISHEMT --- dielectric layer --- interface traps --- current collapse --- PECVD --- gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) --- drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) --- recessed channel array transistor (RCAT) --- on-current (Ion) --- off-current (Ioff) --- subthreshold slope (SS) --- threshold voltage (VTH) --- saddle FinFET (S-FinFET) --- potential drop width (PDW) --- shallow trench isolation (STI) --- source/drain (S/D) --- conductivity --- 2D material --- Green’s function --- reflection transmision method --- variational form --- dual-switching transistor --- third harmonic tuning --- low voltage --- high efficiency --- CMOS power amplifier IC --- insulator–metal transition (IMT) --- charge injection --- Mott transition --- conductive atomic force microscopy (cAFM) --- gate field effect --- atomic layer deposition (ALD) --- zinc oxide --- silicon --- ZnO/Si --- electron affinity --- bandgap tuning --- conduction band offset --- heterojunction --- solar cells --- PC1D --- vertical field-effect transistor (VFET) --- back current blocking layer (BCBL) --- gallium nitride (GaN) --- normally off power devices --- n/a
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