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The present book reports recent contributions from research in the field of quartz and other silica minerals. The various forms of silica (SiO2) represent important constituents of the Earth crust and play a central role in the composition of geological materials. In particular, quartz is widely used as a raw material in numerous industrial sectors. The knowledge of the formation and specific properties of SiO2 rocks and minerals is indispensable for the understanding and reconstruction of geological processes, as well as for specific technical applications.The works presented in this book are contributed by leading scientists and deal with aspects of the formation and processing of SiO2 raw materials, the analysis of high-purity quartz, and the specifics and varieties (e.g., quartz, amethyst, opal, agate) of SiO2 modifications. The presentations cover the main interrelations between theoretical, analytical, and industrial studies and provide information concerning recent developments in the research on SiO2 materials.

Quartz --- Amethyst --- Opal --- Agate --- Silicified wood --- Diatomite --- Extraterrestrial silica --- SiO2 deposits --- Processing of quartz raw materials --- Hydrothermal vein quartz --- Epithermal gold deposits --- Trace elements --- Cathodoluminescence --- Infrared Spectroscopy --- Thermogravimetry–Mass Spectrometry

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Optimal nutrition is important during pregnancy and lactation for the health of both the mother and infant. Chronic deficiencies of both macronutrients and micronutrients are well established in developing countries. Although in developed countries overconsumption of macronutrients is a major issue, micronutrient deficiencies which occur concomitantly are no less of a concern. Furthermore in developed countries there is also the risk of excessive micronutrient intake from dietary supplements. Micronutrients have a role in fetal and neonatal health and also health in later life. Micronutrient deficiency or toxicity during pregnancy or early life can permanently affect developing tissues, resulting in adverse growth and development of the infant which is associated with chronic diseases in adulthood. An aberrant micronutrient intake during pregnancy or lactation can also have detrimental effect on the mother both in the neonatal period and in later life.

iodine --- supplements --- pregnant --- lactating --- women of reproductive age --- pregnancy --- dietary intakes --- energy intakes --- supplements --- dietary reference intakes (DRIs) --- pregnancy --- vitamin D --- gestational duration --- birth cohort --- prenatal iron and folic acid (IFA) supplements --- low birth weight --- maternal anemia --- Malawi --- vitamin D --- neonate anthropometry --- fetal growth --- maternal --- infant --- body mass index --- gestational diabetes --- placenta --- folic acid --- selenium --- pregnancy --- lactation --- breastfeeding --- infants --- linear programming --- food-based recommendations --- Optifood --- micronutrient --- deficiency --- dietary intake --- pregnant --- lactation --- women --- elemental metabolomics --- trace elements --- pregnancy --- micronutrition --- serum 25-OHD --- pregnancy --- developmental origins of health and disease --- bone health

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The Arctic zone of the Earth is a major source of mineral and other natural resources for the future development of science and technology. It contains a large supply of strategic mineral deposits, including rare earths, copper, phosphorus, niobium, platinum-group elements, and other critical metals. The continued melting of the sea ice due to climate change makes these resources more accessible than ever before. However, the mineral exploration in the Arctic has always been a challenge due to the climatic restrictions, remote location, and vulnerability of Arctic ecosystems. This book covers a broad range of topics related to the problem of Arctic mineral resources, including geological, geochemical, and mineralogical aspects of their occurrence and formation; chemical technologies; and environmental and economic problems related to mineral exploration. The contributions can be tentatively classified into four major types: geodynamics and metallogeny, mineralogy and petrology, mineralogy and crystallography, and mining and chemical technologies associated with the exploration of mineral deposits and the use of raw materials for manufacturing new products. The book can be of interest for all those interested in Arctic issues and especially in Arctic mineral resources and associated problems of mineralogy, geology, geochemistry, and technology.

forsterite --- typochemistry --- crystal structure --- Kovdor phoscorite–carbonatite complex --- pyrochlore supergroup minerals --- typochemistry --- crystal structure --- Kovdor phoscorite-carbonatite complex --- pyrrhotite --- chalcopyrite --- pentlandite --- cobaltpentlandite --- typochemistry --- crystal structure --- Kovdor phoscorite-carbonatite complex --- shkatulkalite --- titanosilicate --- crystal structure --- Kola Peninsula --- Lovozero alkaline massif --- transformation mineral species --- vuonnemite --- titanium --- niobium --- heap leaching --- bacterial leaching --- cryomineralogenesis --- low-grade copper-nickel ore --- raw materials --- apatite-nepheline-titanite ore --- sulfuric-acidic decomposition --- titanyl sulfate --- hydrothermal synthesis --- ivanyukite --- batievaite-(Y) --- hainite-(Y) --- titanosilicate --- rinkite group minerals --- Kola Peninsula --- Sakharjok massif --- Keivy alkaline province --- transformation mineral species --- vanadium mineralization --- mineralogy --- Paleoproterozoic --- Kola region --- Arctic zone --- Fennoscandian Shield --- zircon --- macrocrysts --- kimberlite --- trace elements --- geochronology --- cathodoluminescence --- Ti-in-zircon geothermometry --- antigorite --- ore dressing tailings --- mechanical activation --- alkali-activated binder --- Yenisei-Khatanga basin --- Siberian craton --- Arctic --- oil --- gas --- petroleum potential --- geodynamics --- apatite --- Khibiny --- apatite-nepheline deposit --- phase diagram apatite-nepheline-diopside --- silicocarbonatite --- melteigite --- calcite --- nepheline --- zeolite group minerals --- garnet --- crystal fractionation --- Breivikbotn --- Northern Norway --- saponite-containing waters --- diamond processing plants --- cryogenic treatment --- electrochemical separation --- saponite product applications --- U mineralization --- hydrothermal deposits --- U-Pb --- Rb-Sr --- Kola region --- evolution of the composition --- basic rocks --- Precambrian --- search of trend differences --- geodynamic evolution --- metallogeny --- beryllium minerals --- chemical composition --- mineral data --- alkaline rocks --- granite --- pegmatites --- hydrothermal veins --- Kola Peninsula --- Plume --- LIP --- PGE --- Palaeoproterozoic --- mafic intrusion --- U-Pb --- isotopes --- PGE --- South Reef --- West-Pana intrusion --- Fedorova-Pana Complex --- zircon dating --- U-Pb --- Khibiny promising structures --- conductive layers --- MHD-source “Khibiny”, Pechenga structure --- Kola Peninsula --- greenstone belt --- gold --- Kola Peninsula --- Northern Karelia --- rock alteration --- n/a