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Plant gene transfer achieved in the early ‘80s paved the way for the exploitation of the potential of gene engineering to add novel agronomic traits and/or to design plants as factories for high added value molecules. For this latter area of research, the term "Molecular Farming" was coined in reference to agricultural applications in that major crops like maize and tobacco were originally used basically for pharma applications. The concept of the “green biofactory” implies different advantages over the typical cell factories based on animal cell or microbial cultures already when considering the investment and managing costs of fermenters. Although yield, stability, and quality of the molecules may vary among different heterologous systems and plants are competitive on a case-to-case basis, still the “plant factory” attracts scientists and technologists for the challenging features of low production cost, product safety and easy scale up. Once engineered, a plant is among the cheapest and easiest eukaryotic system to be bred with simple know-how, using nutrients, water and light. Molecules that are currently being produced in plants vary from industrial and pharmaceutical proteins, including medical diagnostics proteins and vaccine antigens, to nutritional supplements such as vitamins, carbohydrates and biopolymers. Convergence among disciplines as distant as plant physiology and pharmacology and, more recently, as omic sciences, bioinformatics and nanotechnology, increases the options of research on the plant cell factory. “Farming for Pharming” biologics and small-molecule medicines is a challenging area of plant biotechnology that may break the limits of current standard production technologies. The recent success on Ebola fighting with plant-made antibodies put a spotlight on the enormous potential of next generation herbal medicines made especially in the name of the guiding principle of reduction of costs, hence reduction of disparities of health rights and as a tool to guarantee adequate health protection in developing countries.Plant gene transfer achieved in the early ‘80s paved the way for the exploitation of the potential of gene engineering to add novel agronomic traits and/or to design plants as factories for high added value molecules. For this latter area of research, the term "Molecular Farming" was coined in reference to agricultural applications in that major crops like maize and tobacco were originally used basically for pharma applications. The concept of the “green biofactory” implies different advantages over the typical cell factories based on animal cell or microbial cultures already when considering the investment and managing costs of fermenters. Although yield, stability, and quality of the molecules may vary among different heterologous systems and plants are competitive on a case-to-case basis, still the “plant factory” attracts scientists and technologists for the challenging features of low production cost, product safety and easy scale up. Once engineered, a plant is among the cheapest and easiest eukaryotic system to be bred with simple know-how, using nutrients, water and light. Molecules that are currently being produced in plants vary from industrial and pharmaceutical proteins, including medical diagnostics proteins and vaccine antigens, to nutritional supplements such as vitamins, carbohydrates and biopolymers. Convergence among disciplines as distant as plant physiology and pharmacology and, more recently, as omic sciences, bioinformatics and nanotechnology, increases the options of research on the plant cell factory. “Farming for Pharming” biologics and small-molecule medicines is a challenging area of plant biotechnology that may break the limits of current standard production technologies. The recent success on Ebola fighting with plant-made antibodies put a spotlight on the enormous potential of next generation herbal medicines made especially in the name of the guiding principle of reduction of costs, hence reduction of disparities of health rights and as a tool to guarantee adequate health protection in developing countries.

plant molecular farming --- biopharmaceuticals --- Metabolic Engineering --- recombinant protein --- Biobetter --- Genetic Engineering --- transient expression --- Plant factory

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Transient voltages occur on the terminals of superconducting coils and may lead to internal over-voltages. The main objective of this work was to calculate the transient electrical behaviour and internal voltage distribution within the ITER poloidal field (PF) coils at four scenarios and was made using the PF 3 and PF 6 coils as examples. The calculated maximum voltages will be used for definition of amplitudes and voltage waveforms for the tests of the high-voltage insulation of the coils.

Superconducting coils, transient voltages, high-voltage insulation, FEM and network calculations

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With increasing power levels and power densities in electronics systems, thermal issues are becoming more and more critical. The elevated temperatures result in changing electrical system parameters, changing the operation of devices, and sometimes even the destruction of devices. To prevent this, the thermal behavior has to be considered in the design phase. This can be done with thermal end electro-thermal design and simulation tools. This Special Issue of Energies, edited by two well-known experts of the field, Prof. Marta Rencz, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, and by Prof. Lorenzo Codecasa, Politecnico di Milano, collects twelve papers carefully selected for the representation of the latest results in thermal and electro-thermal system simulation. These contributions present a good survey of the latest results in one of the most topical areas in the field of electronics: The thermal and electro-thermal simulation of electronic components and systems. Several papers of this issue are extended versions of papers presented at the THERMINIC 2018 Workshop, held in Stockholm in the fall of 2018. The papers presented here deal with modeling and simulation of state-of-the-art applications that are highly critical from the thermal point of view, and around which there is great research activity in both industry and academia. Contributions covered the thermal simulation of electronic packages, electro-thermal advanced modeling in power electronics, multi-physics modeling and simulation of LEDs, and the characterization of interface materials, among other subjects.

thermal conductivity --- niobium pentoxide --- structure function --- time domain thermoreflectance --- thin film --- electronic packages --- JEDEC metrics --- model-order reduction --- thermal simulation --- LED --- compact thermal model --- boundary condition independent --- LED compact thermal models --- heating and optical power --- Cauer RC ladder --- dynamic thermal compact model --- LED --- silicone dome --- phosphor light conversion --- structure function --- thermal transient analysis --- thermal characterization --- multiple heat source --- secondary heat path --- power semiconductor devices --- IGBT --- modelling --- transient analysis --- SPICE --- switching --- thermal phenomena --- light emitting diodes --- power LEDs --- multi-domain modelling --- LED luminaire design --- DC–DC converters --- ferromagnetic cores --- modeling --- power losses --- thermal management --- carbon nanotubes --- thermal interface material --- reliability --- thermal aging --- LED digital twin --- design flow --- multi-domain compact model --- tool agnostic --- multi-LED --- thermal transient testing --- non-destructive testing --- thermal testability --- in-situ characterization --- electric aircraft --- motor cooling --- thermal management

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Research on radiation-tolerant electronics has increased rapidly over the past few years, resulting in many interesting approaches to modeling radiation effects and designing radiation-hardened integrated circuits and embedded systems. This research is strongly driven by the growing need for radiation-hardened electronics for space applications, high-energy physics experiments such as those on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and many terrestrial nuclear applications including nuclear energy and nuclear safety. With the progressive scaling of integrated circuit technologies and the growing complexity of electronic systems, their susceptibility to ionizing radiation has raised many exciting challenges, which are expected to drive research in the coming decade. In this book we highlight recent breakthroughs in the study of radiation effects in advanced semiconductor devices, as well as in high-performance analog, mixed signal, RF, and digital integrated circuits. We also focus on advances in embedded radiation hardening in both FPGA and microcontroller systems and apply radiation-hardened embedded systems for cryptography and image processing, targeting space applications.

physical unclonable function --- FPGA --- total ionizing dose --- Co-60 gamma radiation --- ring-oscillator --- Image processing --- line buffer --- SRAM-based FPGA --- single event upset (SEU) --- configuration memory --- soft error --- radiation-hardened --- instrumentation amplifier --- sensor readout IC --- total ionizing dose --- nuclear fusion --- radiation hardening --- hardening by design --- TMR --- selective hardening --- VHDL --- FPGA --- radiation hardening --- single event upsets --- heavy ions --- error rates --- single-event upsets (SEUs) --- digital integrated circuits --- triple modular redundancy (TMR) --- radiation hardening by design --- TMR --- FMR --- 4MR --- triplex–duplex --- FPGA-based digital controller --- radiation tolerant --- single event effects --- proton irradiation --- RFIC --- SEE testing --- space application --- CMOS --- TDC --- radiation effects --- total ionizing dose (TID) --- single-shot --- PLL --- ring oscillator --- analog single-event transient (ASET) --- bandgap voltage reference (BGR) --- CMOS analog integrated circuits --- gamma-rays --- heavy-ions --- ionization --- protons --- radiation hardening by design (RHBD) --- reference circuits --- single-event effects (SEE) --- space electronics --- total ionization dose (TID) --- voltage reference --- X-rays --- radiation-hardened --- single event gate rupture (SEGR) --- SEB --- power MOSFETs --- Single-Event Upsets (SEUs) --- radiation effects --- Ring Oscillators --- Impulse Sensitive Function --- Radiation Hardening by Design --- fault tolerance --- single event upset --- proton irradiation effects --- neutron irradiation effects --- soft errors --- saturation effect --- gain degradation --- total ionizing dose --- gamma ray --- bipolar transistor --- single event transient (SET) --- single event opset (SEU) --- radiation-hardening-by-design (RHBD) --- frequency synthesizers --- voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) --- frequency divider by two --- CMOS --- n/a

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Humidity detection has deep significance for the scientific research surrounding medical care and human performance, and the industrial development of agriculture, geography and automated instruments. This special issue aims to showcase some of the advancements in humidity sensor design and calibration, and its applications. The selected papers cover a variety of humidity sensor-related topics including material science, chemistry and industrial engineering. Through dedicated contributions from peer reviewers and the editorial team, this book aims to offers reader some insight into the field of humidity sensor development and use.

capacitive humidity sensors --- SHT75 --- carbon dioxide --- humidity --- Mars in-situ measurements --- experimental simulation chambers --- Martian atmosphere --- low temperature --- low pressure --- CO2 --- reliability model --- humidity sensor --- self-recovery --- dependent competing failure --- random shocks --- infrared radiant source --- Monte Carlo method --- emissivity --- calibration --- humidity --- relative humidity --- consumer grade weather stations --- calibration --- winter fire risk --- Trace moisture --- ball SAW sensor --- surface acoustic wave --- permeation tube --- bio fuel --- microwave resonator --- moisture measurement --- paper mill --- time domain reflectometry --- TDR --- frequency domain --- FD --- porous materials --- building materials --- moisture --- three-dimensional graphene foams --- humidity sensor --- fast response --- user interaction --- agriculture --- capacitive sensors --- dielectric constant --- remote sensing --- surface soil water content --- humidity sensor --- capacitive --- PI --- SIDE --- IDE --- calibration points --- saturated salt solutions --- humidity sensors --- measurement uncertainty --- humidity --- transient response --- body-seat interface --- thermal impact --- sitting rate --- dual temperature-humidity sensor