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Concern for the German language will always attract large audiences. Whoever claims that language is going to the dogs can be sure of the approbation of those who see themselves as linguistically superior. However, the status of grammatical rules is seldom questioned. It is in fact by no means clear what can be seen as correct German. How is ´German` to be understood? Who determines what should be regarded as correct? The 44th Annual Conference of the Institut für Deutsche Sprache [German Language Research Institute] endeavoured to help clarify questions such as these, and took as its topic German grammar in the tension between rules, standards and language usage.
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This volume brings together papers on linguistic variation. It takes a broad perspective, covering not only crosslinguistic and diachronic but also intralinguistic and interspeaker variation, and examines phenomena ranging from negation and TAM over connectives and the lexicon to definite articles and comparative concepts in well- and lesser-known languages. The collection thus contributes to our understanding of variation in general.
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This book presents new empirical findings about Germanic heritage varieties spoken in North America: Dutch, German, Pennsylvania Dutch, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, West Frisian and Yiddish, and varieties of English spoken both by heritage speakers and in communities after language shift. The volume focuses on three critical issues underlying the notion of ‘heritage language’: acquisition, attrition and change. The book offers theoretically-informed discussions of heritage language processes across phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics and the lexicon, in addition to work on sociolinguistics, historical linguistics and contact settings. With this, the volume also includes a variety of frameworks and approaches, synchronic and diachronic. Most European Germanic languages share some central linguistic features, such as V2, gender and agreement in the nominal system, and verb inflection. As minority languages faced with a majority language like English, similarities and differences emerge in patterns of variation and change in these heritage languages. These empirical findings shed new light on mechanisms and processes.
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This book covers the analysis of Spanish written from the early 16th to the early 19th century, immediately before the Independent period in most Spanish-speaking colonies. It is based on manuscripts such as the Segunda Carta de Relacion (1522) by Hernán Cortès, a rare inquisitorial manuscript known as El Abecedario, old printed books, and published collections of linguistic documents.
Historical Sociolinguistics --- Diversification --- Variation --- Latin America
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Cet ouvrage présente une nouvelle approche originelle à la vielle question de la variation du ne de négation en français moderne. Soigneusement établie sur un corpus de langue parlée, l’auteur présente l’hypothèse de la variation linguistique pluridimensionnelle : le clitique négatif ne est parfois réalisé, comme dans la phrase ma mère ne vient pas, mais très souvent omis, surtout dans la communication informelle : je viens pas. Comme toute variable linguistique, le ne de négation est soumis à un ensemble d’influences potentielles. À l’aide d’une analyse multifactorielle, Charlotte Meisner montre que la variation pluridimensionnelle du ne de négation est déterminée par un facteur-clé sous-jacent : la prosodie du français moderne.
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Ein Riss im Rotor ruft eine lokale Steifigkeitsänderung hervor. Die vorliegende Arbeit ermittelt die Steifigkeitsänderung einer angerissenen Welle. Dazu wird ein Kohäsivzonenmodell eingesetzt. Das Modell wurde für die erste Rissöffnungsmode bei ebenem Verzerrungszustand in Abhängigkeit der Mehrachsigkeit des Spannungszustandes (Triaxialität) entwickelt. Außerdemwird das Kohäsivzonenmodell bei einem eindimensionalen Kontinuumsrotor als FE Modell ausgeführt.
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Les discours de référence sur la langue française sont des prises de position émanant des instances officielles, des spécialistes (linguistes et grammairiens) ou de personnalités publiques reconnues comme tels, mais aussi des médias, qui jouent un rôle non négligeable dans la diffusion des normes. Ces discours, même s’ils peuvent être remis en question, constituent néanmoins pour les francophones des repères souvent symboliques et des avis difficilement contournables. Anne Dister et Sophie Piron collaborent depuis de nombreuses années. Elles ont organisé deux colloques, à Montréal et à Bruxelles, consacrés aux discours de référence sur la langue française. La présente publication regroupe des articles qui sont, pour certains, issus de communications présentées lors de ces colloques, pour d’autres, originaux.
français --- discours de référence --- variation --- normes
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Systematic variation in form between semantic equivalents across languages is a key explanandum of linguistic theory. Two contrasting views of the role of lexical semantics in the analysis of such variation can be found in the literature: (1) uniformity, whereby lexical meaning is universal, and morphosyntactic variation arises from idiosyncratic differences in the inventory and phonological shape of language-particular functional material, and (2) transparency, whereby systematic variation in form arises from systematic variation in the meaning of basic lexical items. This volume contrasts these views as applied to the empirical domain of property concept sentences—sentences expressing adjectival predication and their translational equivalents across languages. Demonstrating that property concept sentences vary systematically between possessive and predicative form, the authors propose a transparentist analysis of this variation that links it to the lexical denotations of basic property concept lexemes. At the heart of the analysis are qualities: mass-like model-theoretic objects that closely resemble scales. The authors contrast their transparentist analysis with uniformitarian alternatives, demonstrating its theoretical and empirical advantages. They then show that the proposed theory of qualities can account for interesting and novel observations in two central domains of grammatical theory: the theory of lexical categories, and the theory of mass nouns. The overall results highlight the importance of the lexicon as a locus of generalizations about the limits of crosslinguistic variation.
morphosyntactic variation --- property concepts --- lexical semantics --- lexical categories --- qualities --- mass nouns --- adjectives --- semantic variation
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This study focuses on a previously untapped interface between discourse and areal linguistics. It assigns a different primary status to usage at the stage of theory development. Using actual discourse data from Northern Germany, it provides an integrated comparative description of areal linguistic variations in terms of their linguistic structure and discursive function.
Everyday Language --- Linguistic Variation --- Areal Linguistics --- Conversational Linguistics
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This book showcases the state of the art in corpus-based linguistic analysis of Celtic languages (specifically, Old/Middle Irish, Middle Welsh, and Cornish). It explores corpus approaches to morphosyntactic variation in the medieval Celtic languages and, for the first time, situates them in the broader field of computational and corpus linguistics by providing descriptions of tools for processing the data to create electronic corpora.
Language Change --- Language Variation --- Celtic Linguistics --- Corpus Linguistics
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