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Lignans are a class of natural products found mainly in plants. They have a wide variety of structures and exhibit a range of potent biological activities. Lignans are also well-known components of a number of widely eaten foods and are frequently studied for their dietary impact. Owing to these factors, lignans have been extensively studied by scientists from a large number of disciplines. This collection of research and review articles describes topics ranging in scope from the recent isolation and structural elucidation of new lignans, strategies towards the chemical synthesis of lignans, assessment of their biological activities and potential for further therapeutic development. Research showing the impact of lignans in the food and agricultural industries is also presented.

lignans --- chemometrics --- neolignans --- flavonolignans --- chemical space --- drug-like --- Lespedeza cuneata --- lignan glycoside --- flavonoid glycoside --- cytotoxicity --- adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation --- Bursera --- Burseraceae --- lignans --- lignan --- molecular dynamics --- intermolecular interactions --- graph theory --- lignans --- heilaohu --- tujia ethnomedicine --- chemical characterization --- cytotoxicity --- antioxidant --- cultivar --- environment --- flax --- flavonol --- genetic --- hydroxycinnamic acid --- lignan --- seed --- aryldihydronaphthalene lignan --- arylnaphthalene lignan --- oxidation --- synthesis --- lignans --- dibenzyl butyrolactones --- anti-proliferative --- acyl-Claisen --- stereoselective synthesis --- Schisandra rubriflora --- Schisandra chinensis --- red-flowered Chinese magnolia vine --- Chinese magnolia vine --- lignans --- phytochemical analysis --- UHPLC-MS/MS --- anti-inflammatory activity --- LOX --- COX --- sPLA2 --- lignans --- neolignans --- Lauraceae --- chemical components --- chemical structures --- dietary lignans --- national databases --- food groups --- dietary intake --- harmonized databases --- lignans --- in silico studies --- podophyllotoxin --- antibacterial activity --- acetylcholinesterase inhibitors --- antioxidant activity --- cytotoxicity --- natural products --- total synthesis --- lignan --- Bursera fagaroides --- podophyllotoxin-type lignans --- cell cycle --- cell migration --- epiboly --- microtubules --- F-actin --- cancer --- lignans --- animal health --- cattle --- enterolignan --- human health --- pharmacokinetic --- ruminant --- secoisolariciresinol diglucoside --- Lignan --- bitterness --- taste-active compound --- quantification --- oak ageing --- lignans --- norlignans --- 9-norlignans --- semisynthesis --- hydroxymatairesinol --- bioactivity --- lignans --- oxidation --- lignans --- diet --- antioxidants --- health promotion --- chronic diseases --- Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus --- wild --- cultivated --- multiple bioactive components --- simultaneous quantitation

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In a worldwide context of ever-growing competition for water and land, climate change, droughts and man-made water scarcity, and less-participatory water governance, agriculture faces the great challenge of producing enough food for a continually increasing population. In this line, this book provides a broad overview of innovation issues in the complex water–agriculture–food nexus, thus also relative to their interconnections and dependences. Issues refer to different spatial scales, from the field or the farm to the irrigation system or the river basin. Multidisciplinary approaches are used when analyzing the relationships between water, agriculture, and food security. The covered issues are quite diverse and include: innovation in crop evapotranspiration, crop coefficients and modeling; updates in research relative to crop water use and saving; irrigation scheduling and systems design; simulation models to support water and agricultural decisions; issues to cope with water scarcity and climate change; advances in water resource quality and sustainable uses; new tools for mapping and use of remote sensing information; and fostering a participative and inclusive governance of water for food security and population welfare. This book brings together a variety of contributions by leading international experts, professionals, and scholars in those diverse fields. It represents a major synthesis and state-of-the-art on various subjects, thus providing a valuable and updated resource for all researchers, professionals, policymakers, and post-graduate students interested in the complex world of the water–agriculture–food nexus.

drought classes --- Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) --- Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) --- North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) --- log-linear modeling --- persistence --- surface irrigation modelling --- precise land levelling --- irrigation systems design --- beneficial water use --- decision support systems (DSS) --- inflow rates --- cut-off time --- crop water requirements --- latent heat flux --- remote sensing --- olive orchard --- spatial variability --- agriculture --- impact --- measures --- nitrogen --- Sensitive Zones --- Tagus River Basin --- Vulnerable Zones --- basal crop coefficients --- crop coefficient curves --- crop transpiration --- Kcb from ground cover --- SIMDualKc model --- soil evaporation --- soil moisture --- soil temperature --- soil nutrient --- crop yield --- Corn --- Black soil --- deficit irrigation --- Fiesta grapes --- drip irrigation --- dried on the vine --- sustained deficit irrigation --- regulated deficit irrigation --- water–energy–food nexus --- policy-making --- stakeholder engagement --- fuzzy cognitive maps --- Spain --- Andalusia --- calibration --- irrigation district --- evapotranspiration --- crop growth --- validation --- Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. --- crop transpiration --- soil evaporation --- drip and basin irrigation --- deficit irrigation --- reform --- Participatory Irrigation Management --- Transfer --- water users association --- biomass --- crop transpiration --- direct forcing --- leaf area index --- soil evaporation --- soil temperature --- soil water storage depletion --- root growth --- maize yield --- semi-arid region --- actual evapotranspiration --- Pampa biome --- eddy covariance --- evaporative fraction --- hysteresis loops --- dry drainage system --- water and salt balance --- groundwater --- evaporation --- salinity --- irrigation scheduling --- wheat --- soil water balance --- new technologies --- smartphone application --- reference evapotranspiration --- local advection --- aridity effects --- satellite observations --- Evapotranspiration --- Irrigation --- Density coefficient --- Dual crop coefficients --- Row crops --- water and land management --- water users’ organization --- water balance --- supply–demand balance model --- organizational analysis --- participatory management --- pressurized irrigation systems --- on-demand operation --- perturbation --- unsteady flow --- hydrant risk indicator --- relative pressure exceedance --- agricultural intensification --- DPSIR --- nitrogen --- pressures --- policies --- surface water pollution --- water-agriculture-food nexus --- crop water use and evapotranspiration --- irrigation scheduling --- design of irrigation systems --- simulation models --- droughts --- irrigation water governance --- economic and environmental issues

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Agriculture requires technical solutions for increasing production while lessening environmental impact by reducing the application of agro-chemicals and increasing the use of environmentally friendly management practices. A benefit of this is the reduction of production costs. Sensor technologies produce tools to achieve the abovementioned goals. The explosive technological advances and developments in recent years have enormously facilitated the attainment of these objectives, removing many barriers for their implementation, including the reservations expressed by farmers. Precision agriculture and ‘smart farming’ are emerging areas where sensor-based technologies play an important role. Farmers, researchers, and technical manufacturers are joining their efforts to find efficient solutions, improvements in production, and reductions in costs. This book brings together recent research and developments concerning novel sensors and their applications in agriculture. Sensors in agriculture are based on the requirements of farmers, according to the farming operations that need to be addressed.

wireless sensor network (WSN) --- Wi-SUN --- vine --- mandarin orange --- thermal image --- fluorescent measurement --- X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy --- visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy --- heavy metal contamination --- spectral pre-processing --- feature selection --- machine-learning --- LiDAR --- light-beam --- plant localization --- Kinect --- leaf area index --- radiative transfer model --- neural networks --- GF-1 satellite --- wide field view --- big data --- geo-information --- plant phenotyping --- grapevine breeding --- Vitis vinifera --- ambient intelligence --- wireless sensor --- fuzzy logic --- smart irrigation --- virtual organizations of agents --- CIE-Lab --- precision plant protection --- optical sensor --- weed control --- classification --- NIR hyperspectral imaging --- chemometrics analysis --- weeds --- UAS --- RPAS --- one-class --- machine learning --- remote sensing --- geoinformatics --- plant disease --- pest --- deep convolutional neural networks --- real-time processing --- detection --- hyperspectral imaging --- soil type classification --- total nitrogen --- texture features --- data fusion --- Fusarium --- near-infrared --- spectroscopy --- hulled barely --- partial least squares-discriminant analysis --- remote sensing --- precision agriculture --- crop monitoring --- data fusion --- speckle --- diffusion --- scattering --- biological sensing --- apparent soil electrical conductivity --- ECa-directed soil sampling --- electromagnetic induction --- proximal sensor --- response surface sampling --- salt tolerance --- boron tolerance --- soil mapping --- soil salinity --- spatial variability --- irrigation --- energy balance --- water management --- semi-arid regions --- on-line vis-NIR measurement --- total nitrogen --- total carbon --- spiking --- gradient boosted machines --- artificial neural networks --- random forests --- rice --- striped stem-borer --- hyperspectral imaging --- texture feature --- data fusion --- greenhouse --- wireless sensor network --- data fusion --- dynamic weight --- dataset --- agriculture --- obstacle detection --- computer vision --- cameras --- stereo imaging --- thermal imaging --- LiDAR --- radar --- object tracking --- crop area --- remote sensing image classification --- area frame sampling --- stratification --- regression estimator --- agriculture --- meat spoilage --- vegetable oil --- quality assessment --- electronic nose --- electrochemical sensors --- spectral analysis --- feature selection --- genetic algorithms --- classification --- vegetation indices --- vineyard --- diseases --- spatial data --- sensor --- data fusion --- change of support --- geostatistics --- precision agriculture --- management zones --- event detection --- back propagation model --- multivariate water quality parameters --- time-series data --- spatial-temporal model --- connected dominating set --- water supply network --- SS-OCT --- Capsicum annuum --- germination --- salt concentration --- deep learning --- clover-grass --- precision agriculture --- dry matter composition --- proximity sensing --- 3D reconstruction --- RGB-D sensor --- crop inspection platform --- water depth sensors --- soil moisture sensors --- temperature sensors --- rice field monitoring --- irrigation --- silage --- packing density --- moisture content --- compound sensor --- simultaneous measurement --- birth sensor --- bovine embedded hardware --- ambient intelligence --- virtual organizations of agents --- Fusarium --- near infrared --- discrimination --- hulled barely --- naked barley --- wheat --- dielectric probe --- apple shelf-life --- dielectric dispersion --- electronic nose --- pest scouting --- pest management --- gas sensor --- noninvasive detection --- nitrogen --- near infrared sensors --- drying temperature --- SPA-MLR --- PLS --- CARS --- hyperspectral camera --- handheld --- sensor evaluation --- case studies --- soil --- moisture --- sensor --- landslide --- rice leaves --- chromium content --- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy --- laser wavelength --- preprocessing methods --- agricultural land --- field crops --- land cover --- photograph-grid method --- remote sensing --- data validation and calibration --- mobile app --- wireless sensor networks (WSN) --- energy efficiency --- distributed systems --- processing of sensed data --- WSN distribution algorithms --- recognition patterns --- agriculture

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Risk measures play a vital role in many subfields of economics and finance. It has been proposed that risk measures could be analysed in relation to the performance of variables extracted from empirical real-world data. For example, risk measures may help inform effective monetary and fiscal policies and, therefore, the further development of pricing models for financial assets such as equities, bonds, currencies, and derivative securities.A Special Issue of “Risk Measures with Applications in Finance and Economics” will be devoted to advancements in the mathematical and statistical development of risk measures with applications in finance and economics. This Special Issue will bring together the theory, practice and real-world applications of risk measures. This book is a collection of papers published in the Special Issue of “Risk Measures with Applications in Finance and Economics” for Sustainability in 2018.

falsified products --- medication --- health risk --- low-income country --- regular vine copulas --- tree structures --- co-dependence modelling --- European stock markets --- carbon emissions --- fossil fuels --- crude oil --- coal --- low carbon targets --- green energy --- spot and futures prices --- Granger causality --- volatility spillovers --- quasi likelihood ratio (QLR) test --- diagonal BEKK --- full BEKK --- dynamic hedging --- socially responsible investment --- multivariate regime-switching --- time-varying correlations --- volatility transmission --- conscientiousness --- openness to experience --- perceived ease of use --- perceived usefulness --- online purchase intention --- dynamic conditional correlation --- generalized autoregressive score functions --- time-varying copula function --- CoVaR --- utility --- credit derivatives --- stochastic volatility --- asymptotic approximation --- risk aversion --- portfolio selection --- need hierarchy theory --- two-level optimization --- variance --- coherent risk measures --- probability of default --- bank risk --- banking regulation --- SYMBOL --- financial stability --- China’s food policy --- sustainable food security system --- japonica rice production --- two-level CES function --- technological progress --- Project Financing --- Mezzanine Financing --- option value --- Monte Carlo Simulations --- probabilistic cash flow --- optimizing financial model --- risks mitigation --- investment profitability --- financial hazard map --- random forests --- early warning system --- bank failure --- B-splines --- inflation forecast --- monthly CPI data --- out-of-sample forecast --- the sudden stop of capital inflow --- financial security --- the optimal scale of foreign exchange reserve --- utility maximization --- finance risk --- liquidity premium --- uncertainty termination --- investment horizon --- Amihud’s illiquidity ratio --- factor models --- diversification --- bank profitability --- bank risk --- dynamic panel --- European banking system --- sustainability of economic recovery --- Bayesian approach --- conjugate prior --- cartel --- leniency program --- policy simulation --- S&P 500 index options --- gain-loss ratio --- risk-neutral distribution --- binomial tree --- risk management --- market timing --- moving averages --- risk-free rate --- returns and volatility --- financial risk --- bankruptcy --- regression model --- sustainable development --- Slovak enterprises --- sentiment analysis --- polarity --- scientific verification --- emotion --- joy --- sadness --- climate change --- GMC --- VIX --- RV5MIN --- causal path --- ANN --- sovereign credit default swap (SCDS) --- emerging market --- markov regime switching --- credit risk --- risk assessment --- risk measures --- IPO underpricing --- financial crisis --- information asymmetry --- financial risks --- business groups --- financial performance --- group-affiliated --- institutional voids --- production frontier function --- stochastic frontier model --- specification testing --- wild bootstrap --- smoothing process --- empirical process --- simulations --- stakeholder theory --- sustainability --- risk --- social efficiency --- banking --- cooperative banks --- Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) --- corporate sustainability --- news release --- stakeholder theory --- stock return volatility --- EGARCH-m --- life insurance --- term life insurance --- whole life insurance --- self-perceived health --- objective health status --- future health risk --- SHARE --- national health system