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Both in Ethiopia and in the countries of East Africa, the continuing proliferation and spread of invasive alien species (IAS) is now recognized as a serious problem, which needs to be addressed. While this situation has improved dramatically over the past 10 years, further progress has been hampered by the absence, hitherto, of a comprehensive IAS database for the region. Countries in the region have repeatedly expressed the need for such a database, as a tool to assist in the identification of naturalized and invasive alien plant species, and in understanding their impacts, both existing and potential, while also providing pointers on what can be done to manage such species. This information is seen as essential, not only in enabling countries to develop effective IAS management strategies, but also in helping them to meet their obligations under various international agreements and treaties, including Article 8 (h) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Target 9 of the 2020 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. In providing such a database, this Guide is intended to give the countries of eastern Africa the information they require, in order to be able to develop effective strategies for combating the growing menace posed by invasive alien plants. It is further hoped that this Guide will foster increased regional collaboration, in responding to the challenges of managing shared invasive plant species. The Guide is based on the findings of extensive roadside surveys, carried out throughout the region, and on a review of the literature pertaining to naturalization and/or invasiveness among alien plants in eastern Africa. By this means, scores of exotic plant species were found to have escaped from cultivation, and to have established populations in the 'wild', to the detriment of natural resources and the millions of people in the region who depend on these resources. Included in the Guide are descriptions of roughly 200 exotic plant species which are either invasive already or which are deemed to have the potential to become invasive in the region. The profiled species include aquatic invasive plants or waterweeds (seven species); vines, creepers or climbers (20 species); terrestrial herbs, shrubs, and succulents (more than 30 species of each), and trees (more than 60 species). Also profiled in this Guide are many exotic plant species which, although their current distribution in the region may still be relatively localized, nevertheless have the potential to become considerably more widespread and problematic. The wide range of habitats and climatic conditions found within Ethiopia and across East Africa make the region as a whole particularly prone to invasions by a host of introduced plant species. Such invasions are being facilitated by increased land degradation, especially through overgrazing and deforestation, and also by climate change.

Plants --- aquatic organisms --- aquatic plants --- aquatic weeds --- databases --- introduced species --- invasive alien species --- invasive species --- weed control --- weeds --- climate change --- alien invasive species --- aquatic species --- data banks --- exotic organisms --- exotic species --- introduced organisms --- invasive organisms --- invasives --- non-indigenous organisms --- non-indigenous species --- non-native organisms --- non-native species --- nonindigenous organisms --- nonindigenous species --- subsaharan Africa --- climatic change --- Africa South of Sahara --- East Africa --- Africa South of Sahara --- Africa --- eukaryotes

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The impetus for the development of this Field Guide came about as a result of pleas from the community around the village of Doldol, Laikipia County, to initiate a control programme for Australian prickly pear [Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.; Fabaceae], an invasive plant which was having a dramatic impact on livelihoods. However, a number of other exotic plants, which were less widespread, but had the potential of becoming invasive, were not seen as a potential problem. In order to avoid a similar situation from arising in the future, the community expressed a need for a Field Guide, which would include descriptions of naturalized and invasive species already present in, and those that were most likely to invade Laikipia County and, information on how best to manage them. An additional impetus was to contribute to the four main objectives of the National Strategy and Action Plan for the Management of Invasive Species in Kenya's Protected Areas. The Field Guide contributes in some or other way to all of these objectives which are to (i) Enhance awareness of invasive species to relevant actors; (ii) Prevent new invasions, manage established invasions and rehabilitate degraded habitats; (iii) Enhance research, monitoring and information management on invasive species; and (iv) Enhance capacity, resource mobilization and coordination. Extensive surveys revealed the presence of a number of introduced plant species which had escaped cultivation and established populations in the 'wild' to the detriment of natural resources and the people that depend on them. Introduced succulents, especially those in the genus Opuntia (Cactaceae), were found to be the most widespread and abundant invasive species in the semi-arid regions in the north and east of Laikipia County. Other succulents, those in the genus Bryophyllum (Crassulaceae), were also found to have escaped cultivation and were locally abundant. In the higher rainfall areas to the west and southwest, introduced trees such as black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.; Fabaceae) and Australian blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.; Fabaceae) and the shrubs/climbers, Mauritius thorn [Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston; Fabaceae] and yellow cestrum (Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.; Solanaceae), were invasive. Introduced plants, which have the potential to become problematic in Laikipia, unless eradicated or controlled, have also been included in the Guide. This includes species such as famine weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.; Asteraceae) and 'mathenge' [Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.; Fabaceae], which are already abundant in areas adjoining the County.

Acacia mearnsii --- Acacia melanoxylon --- Caesalpinia decapetala --- Cestrum aurantiacum --- Opuntia stricta --- Parthenium hysterophorus --- plants --- Prosopis juliflora --- introduced species --- invasions --- invasive alien species --- invasive species --- weed control --- weeds --- alien invasive species --- blackwood --- Bryophyllum --- common prickly pear --- exotic organisms --- exotic species --- introduced organisms --- invasive organisms --- invasives --- late black wattle --- non-indigenous organisms --- non-indigenous species --- non-native organisms --- non-native species --- nonindigenous organisms --- nonindigenous species --- subsaharan Africa --- Africa South of Sahara --- Kenya --- Acacia --- Mimosoideae --- Fabaceae --- Fabales --- eudicots --- angiosperms --- Spermatophyta --- plants --- eukaryotes --- Caesalpinia --- Caesalpinioideae --- Cestrum --- Solanaceae --- Solanales --- ACP Countries --- Anglophone Africa --- Africa --- Commonwealth of Nations --- Developing Countries --- East Africa --- Africa South of Sahara --- Opuntia --- Cactaceae --- Caryophyllales --- Parthenium --- Asteraceae --- Asterales --- Prosopis

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The global biodiversity and climate emergencies demand transformative changes to human activities. For example, food production relies on synthetic, industrial and non-sustainable products for managing pests, weeds and diseases of crops. Sustainable farming requires approaches to managing these agricultural constraints that are more environmentally benign and work with rather than against nature. Increasing pressure on synthetic products has reinvigorated efforts to identify alternative pest management options, including plant-based solutions that are environmentally benign and can be tailored to different farmers’ needs, from commercial to small holder and subsistence farming. Botanical insecticides and pesticidal plants can offer a novel, effective and more sustainable alternative to synthetic products for controlling pests, diseases and weeds. This Special Issue reviews and reports the latest developments in plant-based pesticides from identification of bioactive plant chemicals, mechanisms of activity and validation of their use in horticulture and disease vector control. Other work reports applications in rice weeds, combination biopesticides and how chemistry varies spatially and influences the effectiveness of botanicals in different locations. Three reviews assess wider questions around the potential of plant-based pest management to address the global challenges of new, invasive and established crop pests and as-yet underexploited pesticidal plants.

Senecio fistulosus --- antifeedant --- sesquiterpene --- pyrrolizidine alkaloid --- structure-activity relationships --- Tetranychus urticae --- resistance --- botanical pesticides --- acaricide --- integrated pest management --- spatial-temporal variation --- chemotype 3 --- deguelin --- rotenoids --- botanical insecticides --- synergism --- neem --- karanja --- Colorado potato beetle --- botanical insecticides --- botanical pesticide --- pesticidal plant --- pest management --- invasive species --- agro-ecological intensification --- sustainable agriculture --- encapsulation --- essential oils --- botanical active substances --- insecticidal activity --- aphids --- anise --- fennel --- oil emulsion entrapment --- spray drying --- Meliaceae --- Melia volkensii --- botanical pesticide --- limonoid --- insect pest --- antifeedant --- growth inhibitor --- induced systemic response --- foliar fertiliser --- rutin --- tryptophan --- phenylalanine --- botanicals --- biopesticide --- organic pesticide --- Y-tube olfactometer --- pyrethrum --- parasitoid --- entomopathogenic fungi --- leaf disc assay --- insect behavior --- survival analysis --- biopesticides --- botanicals --- corn --- insects --- pests --- prospects --- Italian ryegrass --- barnyard grass --- rice --- cover crops --- organic farming --- weed control --- phytotoxic activity

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Agriculture requires technical solutions for increasing production while lessening environmental impact by reducing the application of agro-chemicals and increasing the use of environmentally friendly management practices. A benefit of this is the reduction of production costs. Sensor technologies produce tools to achieve the abovementioned goals. The explosive technological advances and developments in recent years have enormously facilitated the attainment of these objectives, removing many barriers for their implementation, including the reservations expressed by farmers. Precision agriculture and ‘smart farming’ are emerging areas where sensor-based technologies play an important role. Farmers, researchers, and technical manufacturers are joining their efforts to find efficient solutions, improvements in production, and reductions in costs. This book brings together recent research and developments concerning novel sensors and their applications in agriculture. Sensors in agriculture are based on the requirements of farmers, according to the farming operations that need to be addressed.

wireless sensor network (WSN) --- Wi-SUN --- vine --- mandarin orange --- thermal image --- fluorescent measurement --- X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy --- visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy --- heavy metal contamination --- spectral pre-processing --- feature selection --- machine-learning --- LiDAR --- light-beam --- plant localization --- Kinect --- leaf area index --- radiative transfer model --- neural networks --- GF-1 satellite --- wide field view --- big data --- geo-information --- plant phenotyping --- grapevine breeding --- Vitis vinifera --- ambient intelligence --- wireless sensor --- fuzzy logic --- smart irrigation --- virtual organizations of agents --- CIE-Lab --- precision plant protection --- optical sensor --- weed control --- classification --- NIR hyperspectral imaging --- chemometrics analysis --- weeds --- UAS --- RPAS --- one-class --- machine learning --- remote sensing --- geoinformatics --- plant disease --- pest --- deep convolutional neural networks --- real-time processing --- detection --- hyperspectral imaging --- soil type classification --- total nitrogen --- texture features --- data fusion --- Fusarium --- near-infrared --- spectroscopy --- hulled barely --- partial least squares-discriminant analysis --- remote sensing --- precision agriculture --- crop monitoring --- data fusion --- speckle --- diffusion --- scattering --- biological sensing --- apparent soil electrical conductivity --- ECa-directed soil sampling --- electromagnetic induction --- proximal sensor --- response surface sampling --- salt tolerance --- boron tolerance --- soil mapping --- soil salinity --- spatial variability --- irrigation --- energy balance --- water management --- semi-arid regions --- on-line vis-NIR measurement --- total nitrogen --- total carbon --- spiking --- gradient boosted machines --- artificial neural networks --- random forests --- rice --- striped stem-borer --- hyperspectral imaging --- texture feature --- data fusion --- greenhouse --- wireless sensor network --- data fusion --- dynamic weight --- dataset --- agriculture --- obstacle detection --- computer vision --- cameras --- stereo imaging --- thermal imaging --- LiDAR --- radar --- object tracking --- crop area --- remote sensing image classification --- area frame sampling --- stratification --- regression estimator --- agriculture --- meat spoilage --- vegetable oil --- quality assessment --- electronic nose --- electrochemical sensors --- spectral analysis --- feature selection --- genetic algorithms --- classification --- vegetation indices --- vineyard --- diseases --- spatial data --- sensor --- data fusion --- change of support --- geostatistics --- precision agriculture --- management zones --- event detection --- back propagation model --- multivariate water quality parameters --- time-series data --- spatial-temporal model --- connected dominating set --- water supply network --- SS-OCT --- Capsicum annuum --- germination --- salt concentration --- deep learning --- clover-grass --- precision agriculture --- dry matter composition --- proximity sensing --- 3D reconstruction --- RGB-D sensor --- crop inspection platform --- water depth sensors --- soil moisture sensors --- temperature sensors --- rice field monitoring --- irrigation --- silage --- packing density --- moisture content --- compound sensor --- simultaneous measurement --- birth sensor --- bovine embedded hardware --- ambient intelligence --- virtual organizations of agents --- Fusarium --- near infrared --- discrimination --- hulled barely --- naked barley --- wheat --- dielectric probe --- apple shelf-life --- dielectric dispersion --- electronic nose --- pest scouting --- pest management --- gas sensor --- noninvasive detection --- nitrogen --- near infrared sensors --- drying temperature --- SPA-MLR --- PLS --- CARS --- hyperspectral camera --- handheld --- sensor evaluation --- case studies --- soil --- moisture --- sensor --- landslide --- rice leaves --- chromium content --- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy --- laser wavelength --- preprocessing methods --- agricultural land --- field crops --- land cover --- photograph-grid method --- remote sensing --- data validation and calibration --- mobile app --- wireless sensor networks (WSN) --- energy efficiency --- distributed systems --- processing of sensed data --- WSN distribution algorithms --- recognition patterns --- agriculture