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The essays collected in this volume explore some of the themes that have been at the centre of recent debates within Wittgensteinian scholarship. In opposition to what we are tentatively inclined to think, the articles of this volume invite us to understand that our need to grasp the essence of ethical and religious thought and language will not be achieved by metaphysical theories expounded from such a point of view, but by focusing on our everyday forms of expression.

philosophy --- wittgenstein --- philosophie

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In Kafka and Wittgenstein, Rebecca Schuman undertakes the first ever book-length scholarly examination of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language alongside Franz Kafka’s prose fiction. In groundbreaking readings, she argues that although many readers of Kafka are searching for what his texts mean, in this search we are sorely mistaken. Instead, the problems and illusions we portend to uncover, the important questions we attempt to answer—Is Josef K. guilty? If so, of what? What does Gregor Samsa’s transformed body mean? Is Land-Surveyor K. a real land surveyor?— themselves presuppose a bigger delusion: that such questions can be asked in the first place. Drawing deeply on the entire range of Wittgenstein’s writings, Schuman cannily sheds new light on the enigmatic Kafka.

Literature --- Kafka --- Wittgenstein

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The book works out new perspectives for a philosophy of religion that aims beyond the internal questions of rationality within a theological tradition, on the one hand, and the outer criticism of religion from naturalistic quaters, on the other. Instead it places itself within a wider philosophical view in line with groundbreaking thoughts about culture and a basic human 'conditionality' among interwar philosophers such as Ernst Cassirer, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Walter Benjamin, and Martin Heidegger. The book also offers a concrete interpretation of examples of religious phenomena displaying a human world-relation that centers on issues of 'truth', 'name', and 'habitation'. Finally, lines are drawn to Jean-Luc Nancy's current rethinking of Christianity.

Philosophy, religion, Wittgenstein, Benjamin, Heidegger, truth, naming, world-relation

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En la literatura sobre las emociones una de las teorías con mayor fuerza es la llamada “teoría James-Lange”. En esta obra se intenta hacer una crítica a dicha teoría a partir de algunas observaciones de Wittgenstein sobre el uso de conceptos psicológicos, sacando a la luz dos confusiones gramaticales que surgen en ella. Para ello, se construye primero la categoría de “programa de naturalización de las emociones” que recoge las teorías del Descartes, James y Prinz, siguiendo la metodología de Lakatos. Luego, se identifica como problema central el de la naturalización de la intencionalidad. Para luego exponer algunas herramientas de Wittgenstein para estudiar la gramática de la pregunta por el objeto y la intencionalidad las emociones, mostrando que las respuestas del programa de naturalización no son satisfactorias y no respetan las reglas de ciertos usos del lenguaje.

Philosophy --- Emociones y sentimientos --- filosofía de la psicología --- intencionalidad --- Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein --- 1889-1951 --- crítica e interpretación

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The eleven studies in this book approach the human reflective and linguistic self-transparency, in its relativity, uncertainties and interrogations, through the lenses of philosophy, image, literature and mythology. It studies mainly philosophical conceptions of the 20th century, specially Husserl’s, Heidegger’s and Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language and phenomenology, but it goes back also to some themes in roman rethoric (Cicero and Augustin), and brings into actual debate some key aspects of the philosophy of Kant and German Idealism. Special reference is also made to main figures of the 20th century Portuguese thought: Fernando Pessoa, José Marinho and Eudoro de Sousa. Studying its subject in a wide range of expressions, the texts in this volume call into question elements of literature, with Borges and Pessoa, visual arts, with Escher, and of the 20th century architectonic thought. A unifying understanding of the conditions of human linguistic, conceptual and imagistic self-reflection is thus searched through a large range of thinkers and expressions.

Philosophy of Language --- Aesthetics --- Consciousness --- Modernism --- Relativism --- Cicero --- Kant --- Hegel --- Husserl --- Wittgenstein --- Pessoa --- Heidegger --- Borges --- Escher --- José Marinho --- Eudoro de Sousa