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This comprehensive book provides in-depth knowledge and understanding of design rules according to Eurocode 5. It is based on the first edition of the STEP (Structural Timber Education Programme) series, which was prepared in 1995 by about 50 authors from 14 European countries. The present work updates and extends the STEP compilation and is aimed at students, structural engineers and other timber structure professionals.
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Deforestation and land use change have led to a strong reduction of tropical forest cover during the last decades. Climate change will amplify the pressure to the remaining refuges in the next years. In addition, tropical regions are facing increasing atmospheric inputs of nutrients, which will have unknown consequences for the structure and functioning of these systems, no matter if they are within protected areas or not. Even remote areas are expected to receive rising amounts of nutrients. The effects of higher rates of atmospheric nutrient deposition on the biological diversity and ecosystem functioning of tropical ecosystems are poorly understood and our knowledge of nutrient fluxes and nutrient limitation in tropical forest ecosystems is still limited. Yet, it will be of paramount importance to know the effects of increased nutrient availability to conserve these ecosystems with their biological and functional diversity. During the last years, research efforts have more and more focused on the understanding of the role of nutrients in tropical ecosystems and several coordinated projects have been established that study the effects of experimental nutrient addition. This Research Topic combines results from experiments and from observational studies with the aim to review and conclude on our current knowledge on the role of additional nutrients in ecosystems.
biogeochemical cycles --- CO2 --- experimental nutrient manipulation --- foliar nutrients --- global change --- nitrogen --- nutrient limitation --- phosphorus --- wood anatomy
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Trees are among the longest-living organisms. They are sensitive to extreme climatic events and document the effects of environmental changes in form of structural modifications of their tissues. These modifications represent an integrated signal of complex biological responses enforced by the environment. For example, temporal change in stem increment integrates multiple information of tree performance, and wood anatomical traits may be altered by climatic extremes or environmental stress. Recent developments in preparative tools and computational image analysis enable to quantify changes in wood anatomical features, like vessel density or vessel size. Thus, impacts on their functioning can be related to climatic forcing factors. Similarly, new developments in monitoring (cambial) phenology and mechanistic modelling are enlightening the interrelationships between environmental factors, wood formation and tree performance and mortality. Quantitative wood anatomy is a reliable indicator of drought occurrence during the growing season, and therefore has been studied intensively in recent years. The variability in wood anatomy not only alters the biological and hydraulic functioning of a tree, but may also influence the technological properties of wood, with substantial impacts in forestry. On a larger scale, alterations of sapwood and phloem area and their ratios to other functional traits provide measures to detect changes in a tree’s life functions, and increasing risk of drought-induced mortality with possible impacts on hydrological processes and species composition of plant communities. Genetic variability within and across populations is assumed to be crucial for species survival in an unpredictable future world. The magnitude of genetic variation and heritability of adaptive traits might define the ability to adapt to climate change. Is there a relation between genetic variability and resilience to climate change? Is it possible to link genetic expression and climate change to obtain deeper knowledge of functional genetics? To derive precise estimates of genetic determinism it is important to define adaptive traits in wood properties and on a whole-tree scale. Understanding the mechanisms ruling these processes is fundamental to assess the impact of extreme climate events on forest ecosystems, and to provide realistic scenarios of tree responses to changing climates. Wood is also a major carbon sink with a long-term residence, impacting the global carbon cycle. How well do we understand the link between wood growth dynamics, wood carbon allocation and the global carbon cycle? Papers contribution to this Research Topic will cover a wide range of ecosystems. However, special relevance will be given to Mediterranean-type areas. These involve coastal regions of four continents, making Mediterranean-type ecosystems extremely interesting for investigating the potential impacts of global change on growth and for studying responses of woody plants under extreme environmental conditions. For example, the ongoing trend towards warmer temperatures and reduced precipitation can increase the susceptibility to fire and pests. The EU-funded COST Action STREeSS (Studying Tree Responses to extreme Events: a SynthesiS) addresses such crucial tree biological and forest ecological issues by providing a collection of important methodological and scientific insights, about the current state of knowledge, and by opinions for future research needs.
Extreme climate events --- Tree response --- wood functional traits --- Ecophysiology --- Genetic plasticity --- Manipulation experiments --- mechanistic modeling --- forest management
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This book contains the successful submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Engineering Fluid Dynamics”. The topic of engineering fluid dynamics includes both experimental as well as computational studies. Of special interest were submissions from the fields of mechanical, chemical, marine, safety, and energy engineering. We welcomed both original research articles as well as review articles. After one year, 22 papers were submitted and 12 were accepted for publication. The average processing time was 65.2 days. The authors had the following geographical distribution: China (four); Italy (two); Korea (one); Germany (one); UK (one); Ireland (one); Australia (one); Sweden (one); Japan (one); Spain (one); Norway (one).Papers covered topics such as heat transfer in shell and helically coiled tube heat exchangers, the multiphase modeling of sprays, flashing flows, as well as mixing in a bubbling fluidized bed. Two papers related to heating ventilation and air condition (HVAC) are included, namely evaporation and condensation in the underfloor space of detached houses and air distribution in a railway vehicle. Three papers dealt with various aspects of pumps and turbines: a performance prediction method for pumps as turbines; noise radiation in a centrifugal pump; periodic fluctuations in energy efficiency in centrifugal pumps; and study of a high-pressure external gear pump. One paper used both laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) and CFD in the study of flow behind a semi-circular step cylinder. Finally, a paper investigated the influence of the equivalence ratio (ER) and feedstock particle size on birch wood gasification.
heat exchangers --- multiphase modeling --- sprays --- flashing --- fluidized bed --- heating ventilation and air condition (HVAC) --- centrifugal pumps --- turbines --- noise radiation --- gear pump --- laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) --- CFD --- wood gasification
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This unique and attractive open access textbook combines the beauty of macroscopic pictures of plant stems with the corresponding colorfully stained images of anatomical micro-structures. In contrast to most botanical textbooks, it presents all the stem characteristics as photographs and shows the microscopic reality.The amount of text is reduced to a minimum, and the scientific information is highlighted with short legends and labeled photographs, allowing readers to focus on the pictures to easily understand how the anatomical structures relate to genetic, ecological, decomposition and technical influences. It includes a chapter devoted to simple anatomical preparation techniques, and further chapters showing the cell content, cell walls, meristematic tissues and stem structures of all major taxonomic units and morphological growth forms in various ecological and climatic regions from subarctic to equatorial latitudes, as well as structures of fossil, subfossil and technically altered wood.This textbook appeals to students and researchers in the fields of plant anatomy, taxonomy, ecology, dendrochronology, history, plant pathology, and evolutionary biology as well as to technologists.
Plant stem construction --- Plant cell contents --- Plant cell walls --- Plant meristems --- Anatomy of pteridophyta --- Stem evolution --- Plant ecology --- Wood degradation --- Fossilization --- Plant morphology
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This book is about the invention of mechanical connections and contact joints to support the utilization of beech wood for structural applications. Further the influence of fastener holes in the tension and compression area of timber and glulam members on the load‐carrying capacity under load parallel to the grain was studied.
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The present book reports recent contributions from research in the field of quartz and other silica minerals. The various forms of silica (SiO2) represent important constituents of the Earth crust and play a central role in the composition of geological materials. In particular, quartz is widely used as a raw material in numerous industrial sectors. The knowledge of the formation and specific properties of SiO2 rocks and minerals is indispensable for the understanding and reconstruction of geological processes, as well as for specific technical applications.The works presented in this book are contributed by leading scientists and deal with aspects of the formation and processing of SiO2 raw materials, the analysis of high-purity quartz, and the specifics and varieties (e.g., quartz, amethyst, opal, agate) of SiO2 modifications. The presentations cover the main interrelations between theoretical, analytical, and industrial studies and provide information concerning recent developments in the research on SiO2 materials.
Quartz --- Amethyst --- Opal --- Agate --- Silicified wood --- Diatomite --- Extraterrestrial silica --- SiO2 deposits --- Processing of quartz raw materials --- Hydrothermal vein quartz --- Epithermal gold deposits --- Trace elements --- Cathodoluminescence --- Infrared Spectroscopy --- Thermogravimetry–Mass Spectrometry
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With its wide spectrum of data, case studies, monitoring, and experimental and numerical simulation techniques, the multidisciplinary approach of material, environmental, and computer science applied to the conservation of cultural heritage offers several opportunities for the heritage science and conservation community to map and monitor state-of-the-art knowledge on natural and human-induced climate change impacts on cultural heritage—mainly constituted by the built environment—in Europe and Latin America. Geosciences’ Special Issue titled “Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Resources Threatened by Climate Change” was launched to take stock of the existing but still fragmentary knowledge on this challenge, and to enable the community to respond to the implementation of the Paris agreement. These 10 papers exploit a broad range of data derived from preventive conservation monitoring conducted indoors in museums, churches, historical buildings, or outdoors in archeological sites and city centers. Case studies presented in the papers focus on a well-assorted sample of decay phenomena occurring on heritage materials (e.g., surface recession and biomass accumulation on limestone, depositions of pollutant on marble, salt weathering on inorganic building materials, and weathering processes on mortars in many local- to regional-scale study areas in the Scandinavian Peninsula, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Italy, Greece, and Panama). Besides monitoring, the methodological approaches showcased include, but are not limited to, original material characterization, decay product characterization, and climate and numerical modelling on material components for assessing environmental impact and climate change effects.
indoor air quality --- cultural heritage --- climate change --- preventive conservation --- mitigation actions --- built heritage --- environmental impact --- damage functions --- Central America --- surface recession --- biomass accumulation --- salt crystallisation --- adaptation --- climate change --- cultural heritage --- management --- conservation --- cultural heritage --- preventative conservation --- climate change --- mitigation --- adaptation --- climate modelling --- stable isotopes --- ?13C --- ?18O --- mortars --- mineralogy --- degradation --- depositions on marble --- cultural heritage --- exposure tests --- climate change scenarios --- mechanical decay --- biological decay --- chemical decay --- wood --- masonry --- Scandinavian countries --- indoor climate --- climate change --- long-term monitoring --- Norwegian protected buildings --- medieval buildings --- zero status --- warning report --- moisture transport --- wood --- relative humidity --- climate variations --- measurements --- experimental research --- hygrothermal simulation models --- typical and extreme weather conditions --- climate change --- salt climatology --- climate change --- built cultural heritage weathering --- cultural heritage --- climate change --- decay --- preventive conservation --- mitigation actions --- heritage materials --- indoor climate --- outdoor climate
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Wine aging is a desirable and valuable process, commonly used to improve wine quality, and traditionally carried out in oak wooden casks. The correct use of oak barrels and the ever-increasing demand for barrels in the different production areas of the world has led to a constant search for technological alternatives to reproduce the chemical and physical processes undergone by wines during their stay in barrels.The aim of this Special Issue is to publish a compilation of original research and revision works that cover different aspects of the ageing processes of wine in casks and other alternative systems that reproduce, with different technologies, the transformations that take place in the barrel.Important aspects to be addressed are:the type of technological solutions that exist for wine agingthe impact of these new technologies on the final productcomparison of the effect of emerging and traditional technologies on the wine ageddifferentiation of wines undergoing different systems to avoid fraudcharacterization of the new materials used in barrel productionaccelerated aging of wines with wood and oxygen
trans-2-decenal --- tridecane --- MDGC-MS --- red wine --- Pinot noir --- gold nanoparticles --- must --- grapes --- aging --- chips --- dissolved oxygen --- floating and fixed micro-oxygenation --- Quercus pyrenaica --- red wine --- white wine --- volatile compounds --- sensorial characteristics --- oak --- alternative woods --- barrels --- chips --- traditional oaks --- different oaks --- other woods --- ellagitannins --- low molecular phenols --- volatile compounds --- oak fragments --- oak barrels --- volatile compounds --- phenolic compounds --- sensory analysis --- triangular tasting --- high power ultrasound --- wine aging --- regeneration --- sanitation --- brettanomyces --- oak wood barrel
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Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a powerful formulation technology to improve oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs. Despite their being in existence for more than half a century, controlling ASD performance is still regarded as difficult because of ASD’s natural non-equilibrium. However, recent significant advances in ASD knowledge and technology may enable a much broader use of ASD technology. This Special Issue, which includes 3 reviews and 6 original articles, focuses on recent progresses in ASD technology in hopes of helping to accelerate developmental studies in the pharmaceutical industry. In striving for a deep understanding of ASD non-equilibrium behavior, the Special issue also delves into and makes progress in the theory of soft-matter dynamics.
bicaludamide --- poloxamer --- evaporation --- spray drying --- dissolution enhancement --- nanoaggregates --- self-assembly --- solid dispersion --- classification --- manufacturing methods --- bioavailability --- anticancer drugs --- amorphous --- solid dispersion --- molecular complex --- rebamipide --- polymer --- interaction --- stability --- characterization --- continuous processing --- granulation --- process development --- polyelectrolytes --- amorphous solid dispersions --- hot melt extrusion --- polyelectrolyte excipient matrix --- pharmaceutical glass --- crystallization tendency --- crystallization --- nucleation --- milling --- accelerated stability test --- enrofloxacin --- ciprofloxacin --- amorphous solid dispersion --- amorphous polymeric salt --- polymer --- ball milling --- solubility --- dissolution --- mesoporous --- poorly soluble drugs --- solubility enhancement --- solid dispersion --- amorphisation --- spray drying --- solid dispersions --- miscibility --- solubility --- thermodynamic modeling --- phase diagram --- molecular dynamics simulation --- thermal analysis --- spectroscopic techniques --- solid dispersion --- tadalafil --- Wood’s apparatus --- intrinsic dissolution rate --- Weibull dissolution model --- dissolution rate
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