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Deforestation and land use change have led to a strong reduction of tropical forest cover during the last decades. Climate change will amplify the pressure to the remaining refuges in the next years. In addition, tropical regions are facing increasing atmospheric inputs of nutrients, which will have unknown consequences for the structure and functioning of these systems, no matter if they are within protected areas or not. Even remote areas are expected to receive rising amounts of nutrients. The effects of higher rates of atmospheric nutrient deposition on the biological diversity and ecosystem functioning of tropical ecosystems are poorly understood and our knowledge of nutrient fluxes and nutrient limitation in tropical forest ecosystems is still limited. Yet, it will be of paramount importance to know the effects of increased nutrient availability to conserve these ecosystems with their biological and functional diversity. During the last years, research efforts have more and more focused on the understanding of the role of nutrients in tropical ecosystems and several coordinated projects have been established that study the effects of experimental nutrient addition. This Research Topic combines results from experiments and from observational studies with the aim to review and conclude on our current knowledge on the role of additional nutrients in ecosystems.

biogeochemical cycles --- CO2 --- experimental nutrient manipulation --- foliar nutrients --- global change --- nitrogen --- nutrient limitation --- phosphorus --- wood anatomy

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This book contains the successful submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Engineering Fluid Dynamics”. The topic of engineering fluid dynamics includes both experimental as well as computational studies. Of special interest were submissions from the fields of mechanical, chemical, marine, safety, and energy engineering. We welcomed both original research articles as well as review articles. After one year, 22 papers were submitted and 12 were accepted for publication. The average processing time was 65.2 days. The authors had the following geographical distribution: China (four); Italy (two); Korea (one); Germany (one); UK (one); Ireland (one); Australia (one); Sweden (one); Japan (one); Spain (one); Norway (one).Papers covered topics such as heat transfer in shell and helically coiled tube heat exchangers, the multiphase modeling of sprays, flashing flows, as well as mixing in a bubbling fluidized bed. Two papers related to heating ventilation and air condition (HVAC) are included, namely evaporation and condensation in the underfloor space of detached houses and air distribution in a railway vehicle. Three papers dealt with various aspects of pumps and turbines: a performance prediction method for pumps as turbines; noise radiation in a centrifugal pump; periodic fluctuations in energy efficiency in centrifugal pumps; and study of a high-pressure external gear pump. One paper used both laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) and CFD in the study of flow behind a semi-circular step cylinder. Finally, a paper investigated the influence of the equivalence ratio (ER) and feedstock particle size on birch wood gasification.

heat exchangers --- multiphase modeling --- sprays --- flashing --- fluidized bed --- heating ventilation and air condition (HVAC) --- centrifugal pumps --- turbines --- noise radiation --- gear pump --- laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) --- CFD --- wood gasification

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This book is about the invention of mechanical connections and contact joints to support the utilization of beech wood for structural applications. Further the influence of fastener holes in the tension and compression area of timber and glulam members on the load‐carrying capacity under load parallel to the grain was studied.

Buchenholz, Treppenversatz, Gewindestange, Querschnittsschwächung, Zapfenverbindungbeech wood, multiple step joint, threaded rod, reductions in the cross-sectional area, mortise-and-tenon joints

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With its wide spectrum of data, case studies, monitoring, and experimental and numerical simulation techniques, the multidisciplinary approach of material, environmental, and computer science applied to the conservation of cultural heritage offers several opportunities for the heritage science and conservation community to map and monitor state-of-the-art knowledge on natural and human-induced climate change impacts on cultural heritage—mainly constituted by the built environment—in Europe and Latin America. Geosciences’ Special Issue titled “Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Resources Threatened by Climate Change” was launched to take stock of the existing but still fragmentary knowledge on this challenge, and to enable the community to respond to the implementation of the Paris agreement. These 10 papers exploit a broad range of data derived from preventive conservation monitoring conducted indoors in museums, churches, historical buildings, or outdoors in archeological sites and city centers. Case studies presented in the papers focus on a well-assorted sample of decay phenomena occurring on heritage materials (e.g., surface recession and biomass accumulation on limestone, depositions of pollutant on marble, salt weathering on inorganic building materials, and weathering processes on mortars in many local- to regional-scale study areas in the Scandinavian Peninsula, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Italy, Greece, and Panama). Besides monitoring, the methodological approaches showcased include, but are not limited to, original material characterization, decay product characterization, and climate and numerical modelling on material components for assessing environmental impact and climate change effects.

indoor air quality --- cultural heritage --- climate change --- preventive conservation --- mitigation actions --- built heritage --- environmental impact --- damage functions --- Central America --- surface recession --- biomass accumulation --- salt crystallisation --- adaptation --- climate change --- cultural heritage --- management --- conservation --- cultural heritage --- preventative conservation --- climate change --- mitigation --- adaptation --- climate modelling --- stable isotopes --- ?13C --- ?18O --- mortars --- mineralogy --- degradation --- depositions on marble --- cultural heritage --- exposure tests --- climate change scenarios --- mechanical decay --- biological decay --- chemical decay --- wood --- masonry --- Scandinavian countries --- indoor climate --- climate change --- long-term monitoring --- Norwegian protected buildings --- medieval buildings --- zero status --- warning report --- moisture transport --- wood --- relative humidity --- climate variations --- measurements --- experimental research --- hygrothermal simulation models --- typical and extreme weather conditions --- climate change --- salt climatology --- climate change --- built cultural heritage weathering --- cultural heritage --- climate change --- decay --- preventive conservation --- mitigation actions --- heritage materials --- indoor climate --- outdoor climate

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Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a powerful formulation technology to improve oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs. Despite their being in existence for more than half a century, controlling ASD performance is still regarded as difficult because of ASD’s natural non-equilibrium. However, recent significant advances in ASD knowledge and technology may enable a much broader use of ASD technology. This Special Issue, which includes 3 reviews and 6 original articles, focuses on recent progresses in ASD technology in hopes of helping to accelerate developmental studies in the pharmaceutical industry. In striving for a deep understanding of ASD non-equilibrium behavior, the Special issue also delves into and makes progress in the theory of soft-matter dynamics.

bicaludamide --- poloxamer --- evaporation --- spray drying --- dissolution enhancement --- nanoaggregates --- self-assembly --- solid dispersion --- classification --- manufacturing methods --- bioavailability --- anticancer drugs --- amorphous --- solid dispersion --- molecular complex --- rebamipide --- polymer --- interaction --- stability --- characterization --- continuous processing --- granulation --- process development --- polyelectrolytes --- amorphous solid dispersions --- hot melt extrusion --- polyelectrolyte excipient matrix --- pharmaceutical glass --- crystallization tendency --- crystallization --- nucleation --- milling --- accelerated stability test --- enrofloxacin --- ciprofloxacin --- amorphous solid dispersion --- amorphous polymeric salt --- polymer --- ball milling --- solubility --- dissolution --- mesoporous --- poorly soluble drugs --- solubility enhancement --- solid dispersion --- amorphisation --- spray drying --- solid dispersions --- miscibility --- solubility --- thermodynamic modeling --- phase diagram --- molecular dynamics simulation --- thermal analysis --- spectroscopic techniques --- solid dispersion --- tadalafil --- Wood’s apparatus --- intrinsic dissolution rate --- Weibull dissolution model --- dissolution rate